In recent years, poultry rears under the artificial light-based rearing systems and that light is very different from natural light. Therefore, light wavelengths or color is one of the most important aspects and nobody have concerned, how birds respond to different light color, and do not describe t...
In recent years, poultry rears under the artificial light-based rearing systems and that light is very different from natural light. Therefore, light wavelengths or color is one of the most important aspects and nobody have concerned, how birds respond to different light color, and do not describe the involvement of fear response, in and the modifying influence of welfare on these light color responses. In chickens and ducks exposed to long wavelength showing more activity and short wavelength stimulates parasympathetic nervous system and thus calms the bird and regulate behavioral responses. However, the impact of different monochromatic, combined and mixed light color stimulation on different behavior, fear and welfare responses of poultry were studied in several experiments. Chapter 1, The present information describes differences in the way that how birds perceive light color and reviews behavior, stress, fear and welfare responses of domestic poultry to different monochromatic and mixed light color. Most researcher have focused on the performance, but relatively little attention has been given to the behaviour and well being of the broiler chicken. This is a new research area, therefore, there is little information which is directly relating to light color and behavior of domestic poultry, but this review information indicates that most of the physiological processes controlled by the nerve impulses. Based on the recent literature review results, it is pointed out that wavelength of light or color stimulates nervous system and altering their behavioral responses. Our present information also illustrates how light color reflects on the welfare of domestic poultry. To clarify the about those matters, several experiments were designed and performed that were described in chapter 2, 3, 4 & 5. Chapter 2, The effects of various light emitting diode colors were observed on laying hen behavior. Based on the video observation, hens reared in R light were more active, as expressed by greater feather pecking, ground pecking, ground scratching, and tail wagging activity than those of hens in the B light treatment. Birds spent more time perching under the B light. Feather pecking and ground scratching behaviors decreased, and preening behavior increased in frequency with age of the laying hens. On the other hand, numerically higher heterophil : lymphocyte ratio and tonic immobility duration were obtained under the R→B treatment. These results may be useful to control the behavior of laying hens. Chapter 3, Two consecutive experiments were conducted to observe the effect of different LED light colour on the behaviour and fear responses of broilers. In experiment 1, 400 broilers were placed into eight different light treatments. In experiment 2, six different light colours with five different age groups were considered. In experiment 1, use of a red and red–yellow mixed light significantly increased walking behaviour. Consequently, sitting and standing behaviour were found to be wavelength dependent, whereby short wavelength (blue, green–blue) treated birds spent more time sitting and standing than that under long wavelength (red, red–yellow). Consistently in experiment 2, birds spent more time feeding under the green treatment than with other treatments. Walking behaviour was significantly decreased and sitting and standing behaviour was increased under the blue light. Age also influenced the behavior of broiler: young birds were more active than older birds. In addition, ground pecking and wing stretching behaviour were influenced by the wavelength of the light. Time of day did not influence the behaviour of the broilers. Under the red and red–yellow light treatments, birds spent longer in tonic immobility. Thus, the results suggest that red and red–yellow light activated the broiler’s movement and fear responses while blue and green-blue decreased the movement and they spent more time sitting. Chapter 4, This study was performed to observe the effect of monochromatic light emitting diode (LED) light color on the behavior and fear response of ducks. Ducks reared in Y and W light were more active, as expressed by more walking, ground pecking, drinking and social interaction activities than those of ducks under the B light treatment (P < 0.05). Ducks showed more time sitting, standing, and preening under B light (P < 0.05). Feeding, sitting, standing and drinking behaviors increased, and walking and social interaction behaviors decreased with age of the ducks (P < 0.05). Differences in behaviors between different light colors were observed. In addition, the TI test results indicated that B and G light reduced the fear response of the ducks. Chapter 5, The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different monochromatic light emitting diode (LED) color on the behavior and welfare of broiler chicks from hatch to 6 weeks of age. A total of 600 1-day-old Ross-Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in the experiment. Broilers welfare were evaluated using the characteristics of gait score, tibia dyschondroplasia, tonic immobility duration and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio. According to our results, sitting, walking and ground pecking behavior were influenced by the light colour from 0-7 days. Extending the rearing period from 8 to 21 days resulted in increased sitting behavior and decreased walking and pecking behavior in chicks in the PB treatment (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed among the PG, GB, SB, or BB treatments. When the growth period was extended further (22–42 days), sitting behavior was increased when chicks were exposed to PB light (P<0.05). However, the percentage of time the chicks were spending on sitting behavior was increased (9%) and walking (5%) behavior was decreased by the PB light treatment. Though the effect of light color was non-significant, but highest incidence of gait score and tibia dyschondroplasia were obtained in PB light color. On the other hand, tonic immobility and H:L were decreased under the PB light color. Thus, the results suggest that PB light color decreased the bird’s movement and they spent more time sitting. In addition, the TI test and H:L results indicated that PB light reduced numerically the stress response and increased the incidence of gait score and tibia dyschondroplasia of broiler chicks.
In recent years, poultry rears under the artificial light-based rearing systems and that light is very different from natural light. Therefore, light wavelengths or color is one of the most important aspects and nobody have concerned, how birds respond to different light color, and do not describe the involvement of fear response, in and the modifying influence of welfare on these light color responses. In chickens and ducks exposed to long wavelength showing more activity and short wavelength stimulates parasympathetic nervous system and thus calms the bird and regulate behavioral responses. However, the impact of different monochromatic, combined and mixed light color stimulation on different behavior, fear and welfare responses of poultry were studied in several experiments. Chapter 1, The present information describes differences in the way that how birds perceive light color and reviews behavior, stress, fear and welfare responses of domestic poultry to different monochromatic and mixed light color. Most researcher have focused on the performance, but relatively little attention has been given to the behaviour and well being of the broiler chicken. This is a new research area, therefore, there is little information which is directly relating to light color and behavior of domestic poultry, but this review information indicates that most of the physiological processes controlled by the nerve impulses. Based on the recent literature review results, it is pointed out that wavelength of light or color stimulates nervous system and altering their behavioral responses. Our present information also illustrates how light color reflects on the welfare of domestic poultry. To clarify the about those matters, several experiments were designed and performed that were described in chapter 2, 3, 4 & 5. Chapter 2, The effects of various light emitting diode colors were observed on laying hen behavior. Based on the video observation, hens reared in R light were more active, as expressed by greater feather pecking, ground pecking, ground scratching, and tail wagging activity than those of hens in the B light treatment. Birds spent more time perching under the B light. Feather pecking and ground scratching behaviors decreased, and preening behavior increased in frequency with age of the laying hens. On the other hand, numerically higher heterophil : lymphocyte ratio and tonic immobility duration were obtained under the R→B treatment. These results may be useful to control the behavior of laying hens. Chapter 3, Two consecutive experiments were conducted to observe the effect of different LED light colour on the behaviour and fear responses of broilers. In experiment 1, 400 broilers were placed into eight different light treatments. In experiment 2, six different light colours with five different age groups were considered. In experiment 1, use of a red and red–yellow mixed light significantly increased walking behaviour. Consequently, sitting and standing behaviour were found to be wavelength dependent, whereby short wavelength (blue, green–blue) treated birds spent more time sitting and standing than that under long wavelength (red, red–yellow). Consistently in experiment 2, birds spent more time feeding under the green treatment than with other treatments. Walking behaviour was significantly decreased and sitting and standing behaviour was increased under the blue light. Age also influenced the behavior of broiler: young birds were more active than older birds. In addition, ground pecking and wing stretching behaviour were influenced by the wavelength of the light. Time of day did not influence the behaviour of the broilers. Under the red and red–yellow light treatments, birds spent longer in tonic immobility. Thus, the results suggest that red and red–yellow light activated the broiler’s movement and fear responses while blue and green-blue decreased the movement and they spent more time sitting. Chapter 4, This study was performed to observe the effect of monochromatic light emitting diode (LED) light color on the behavior and fear response of ducks. Ducks reared in Y and W light were more active, as expressed by more walking, ground pecking, drinking and social interaction activities than those of ducks under the B light treatment (P < 0.05). Ducks showed more time sitting, standing, and preening under B light (P < 0.05). Feeding, sitting, standing and drinking behaviors increased, and walking and social interaction behaviors decreased with age of the ducks (P < 0.05). Differences in behaviors between different light colors were observed. In addition, the TI test results indicated that B and G light reduced the fear response of the ducks. Chapter 5, The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different monochromatic light emitting diode (LED) color on the behavior and welfare of broiler chicks from hatch to 6 weeks of age. A total of 600 1-day-old Ross-Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in the experiment. Broilers welfare were evaluated using the characteristics of gait score, tibia dyschondroplasia, tonic immobility duration and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio. According to our results, sitting, walking and ground pecking behavior were influenced by the light colour from 0-7 days. Extending the rearing period from 8 to 21 days resulted in increased sitting behavior and decreased walking and pecking behavior in chicks in the PB treatment (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed among the PG, GB, SB, or BB treatments. When the growth period was extended further (22–42 days), sitting behavior was increased when chicks were exposed to PB light (P<0.05). However, the percentage of time the chicks were spending on sitting behavior was increased (9%) and walking (5%) behavior was decreased by the PB light treatment. Though the effect of light color was non-significant, but highest incidence of gait score and tibia dyschondroplasia were obtained in PB light color. On the other hand, tonic immobility and H:L were decreased under the PB light color. Thus, the results suggest that PB light color decreased the bird’s movement and they spent more time sitting. In addition, the TI test and H:L results indicated that PB light reduced numerically the stress response and increased the incidence of gait score and tibia dyschondroplasia of broiler chicks.
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#LED light behavior fear response welfare and poultry
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