This study investigated fire retardant wood impregnation with a newly developed water soluble phosphorous-based fire retardant (WPFR) containing ammonium phosphate polymer (APP) and guanylurea phosphate (GUP) as the main components. Natural variations in permeability exist between and within wood sp...
This study investigated fire retardant wood impregnation with a newly developed water soluble phosphorous-based fire retardant (WPFR) containing ammonium phosphate polymer (APP) and guanylurea phosphate (GUP) as the main components. Natural variations in permeability exist between and within wood species. Permeability variations also exist in different positions (sapwood, sap-heartwood and heartwood) of the same plant. Therefore, by impregnation treatment with WPFR fire retardant, the treatability of softwood mostly used in Korea was investigated in order to control and ensure acceptable uptake using specific vacuum and pressure combination to fulfill the fire retardant requirements. Furthermore, to guarantee that the fire retardant solution can easily be impregnated, permeated and penetrated into wood, especially for refractory wood species, several physical treatment models were developed. Afterwards, the properties of WPFR fire retardant wood, including fire retardant properties, mechanical and physical properties, were evaluated. Meanwhile, the fire retardant mechanism of the WPFR fire retardant was revealed. In chapter 1, the background of wood impregnation methods and the measures to improve wood impermeability were introduced. And the development and application of wood fire retardant were also presented. In chapter 2, the impregnation treatability of three softwoods mostly used in Korea for interior decoration, Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse), was investigated using WPFR fire retardant chemical. A conventional vacuum-pressure method was employed. The influence of several factors, such as impregnation time, wood species and positions (sapwood, sap-heart wood and heartwood) of the same wood species, on the treatability were determined. The regression equations between and within species with different impregnation pressure were developed by ANOVA analysis. Meanwhile, the treatability in this study was also expressed as void filled volume (VVF) which is the ratio of WPFR chemical uptake to the potential volume that could be occupied. The VVF was calculated. In chapter 3, in order to allow a more efficient and secure impregnation achievable for a deeper and more uniform penetration of the WPFR fire retardant into square wood posts used for structure in wooden building, some physical pre-treatment models, including Kerfing, Boring and Boring&Kerfing were developed. Research was carried on three wood species, Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), Larch (Larix Olgensis) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) which are generally recognized as refractory wood species. The effects of pre-treatment models on mechanical properties, as well as permeability and penetration were evaluated and compared with traditional methods used in wood preservative processing. A model that can effectively improve chemical permeation and penetration without negative effect on mechanical strength was optimized. In chapter 4, after impregnation, the fire retardant properties and combustion characteristics of WPFR fire retardant wood were evaluated. The fire retardant performance with different chemical uptakes was determined using the cone calorimeter according to KSF ISO5660-1. The following the parameters were examined, heat release (total heat release, THR; heat release rate, HRR), mass loss (total mass loss, TML) as well as gas and smoke release (smoke production rate, SPR; yield of CO, CO Y). The quantity needed to reach the fire retardant requirement for application was determined. In addition, thermal degradation was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to obtain more information regarding thermal degradation with the WPFR fire retardant chemical. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted to determine the chemical variation in control and treatment wood samples. In chapter 5, based on the analysis of fire retardant properties and combustion characteristics, mechanical and physical properties of WPFR fire retardant wood were investigated, such as dimensional stability, the variation in micro-structure by low-vacuum Scanning Electron Microscope (LV-SEM) observation, color variation and iron corrosion. In the case of dimensional stability, hygroscopic properties which are important for fire retardant wood application were measured, including volume swelling at high humidity, variance of equilibrium moisture content, water absorption.
This study investigated fire retardant wood impregnation with a newly developed water soluble phosphorous-based fire retardant (WPFR) containing ammonium phosphate polymer (APP) and guanylurea phosphate (GUP) as the main components. Natural variations in permeability exist between and within wood species. Permeability variations also exist in different positions (sapwood, sap-heartwood and heartwood) of the same plant. Therefore, by impregnation treatment with WPFR fire retardant, the treatability of softwood mostly used in Korea was investigated in order to control and ensure acceptable uptake using specific vacuum and pressure combination to fulfill the fire retardant requirements. Furthermore, to guarantee that the fire retardant solution can easily be impregnated, permeated and penetrated into wood, especially for refractory wood species, several physical treatment models were developed. Afterwards, the properties of WPFR fire retardant wood, including fire retardant properties, mechanical and physical properties, were evaluated. Meanwhile, the fire retardant mechanism of the WPFR fire retardant was revealed. In chapter 1, the background of wood impregnation methods and the measures to improve wood impermeability were introduced. And the development and application of wood fire retardant were also presented. In chapter 2, the impregnation treatability of three softwoods mostly used in Korea for interior decoration, Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse), was investigated using WPFR fire retardant chemical. A conventional vacuum-pressure method was employed. The influence of several factors, such as impregnation time, wood species and positions (sapwood, sap-heart wood and heartwood) of the same wood species, on the treatability were determined. The regression equations between and within species with different impregnation pressure were developed by ANOVA analysis. Meanwhile, the treatability in this study was also expressed as void filled volume (VVF) which is the ratio of WPFR chemical uptake to the potential volume that could be occupied. The VVF was calculated. In chapter 3, in order to allow a more efficient and secure impregnation achievable for a deeper and more uniform penetration of the WPFR fire retardant into square wood posts used for structure in wooden building, some physical pre-treatment models, including Kerfing, Boring and Boring&Kerfing were developed. Research was carried on three wood species, Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), Larch (Larix Olgensis) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) which are generally recognized as refractory wood species. The effects of pre-treatment models on mechanical properties, as well as permeability and penetration were evaluated and compared with traditional methods used in wood preservative processing. A model that can effectively improve chemical permeation and penetration without negative effect on mechanical strength was optimized. In chapter 4, after impregnation, the fire retardant properties and combustion characteristics of WPFR fire retardant wood were evaluated. The fire retardant performance with different chemical uptakes was determined using the cone calorimeter according to KSF ISO5660-1. The following the parameters were examined, heat release (total heat release, THR; heat release rate, HRR), mass loss (total mass loss, TML) as well as gas and smoke release (smoke production rate, SPR; yield of CO, CO Y). The quantity needed to reach the fire retardant requirement for application was determined. In addition, thermal degradation was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to obtain more information regarding thermal degradation with the WPFR fire retardant chemical. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted to determine the chemical variation in control and treatment wood samples. In chapter 5, based on the analysis of fire retardant properties and combustion characteristics, mechanical and physical properties of WPFR fire retardant wood were investigated, such as dimensional stability, the variation in micro-structure by low-vacuum Scanning Electron Microscope (LV-SEM) observation, color variation and iron corrosion. In the case of dimensional stability, hygroscopic properties which are important for fire retardant wood application were measured, including volume swelling at high humidity, variance of equilibrium moisture content, water absorption.
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