This study aims to examine the beneficial effects of magma seawater on hepatic detoxification process in animal and human study. Magma seawater was electro-dialyzed to remove NaCl and then freeze-dried in order to use the same sample for both studies. Mineral content of desalinated magma seawater (D...
This study aims to examine the beneficial effects of magma seawater on hepatic detoxification process in animal and human study. Magma seawater was electro-dialyzed to remove NaCl and then freeze-dried in order to use the same sample for both studies. Mineral content of desalinated magma seawater (DMS) was 9,987 mg/dL where, in particular, trace mineral such as Ge, Se and V were present. In animal study, Spraque Dawley rat (n=50) was administered chow diet containing DMS powder (DMSP) with intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA, 200 mg/kg) to induce chronic hepatoxicity. In order to see the dose dependent effects of DMS on detoxification process, two different doses of diets containing DMSP were prepared based on the daily water consumption of rat. Normal control group (NOR) rats were fed chow diet with intraperitoneal injection of distilled water as a vehicle and experimental groups had intraperitoneal injection of TAA and fed chow diet (TAA control group), chow diet containing 0.91% DMSP (low intake group, TAAL), 2.05% DMSP (high intake group, TAAH), or 0.05% silymarin (positive control group, TAAS). Body weight was significantly reduced by TAA injection while it was regained by DMSP intake, informing that liver toxicity induced by TAA might be responsible for weight loss. Liver weights of rats in all TAA groups increased and it was reduced by 7.92% in TAAH group (p<0.05). According to macroscopic appearance of the liver from five animal groups were different, and it was evident that TAA induced the liver toxicity. Liver toxicity was confirmed with hematoxyline and eosin staining of hepatic tissue exhibiting that ruptured membrane and broken nucleus in TAA control. And collagen formation in the hepatocyte of TAA control observed by Masson's trichrome staining was severe while this phenomenon was retarded in DMSP intake animal groups. Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration of TAA control was significantly elevated but it was dropped off in TAAL and TAAH group (p<0.05). However, total cholesterol levels of all TAA-treated groups were not different regardless of diet. Hepatic TG and TC concentration of TAAL, TAAH, and TAAS were significantly lowered, compared with that of TAA control. The protein expressions of FAS and HMGCR and their transcription factor SREBP-1 and -2 were significantly elevated in TAA control while those enzymes and transcription factors were significantly suppressed by high intake of DMSP, meaning that DMSP seemed to have a protective effect from liver damage induced by TAA. Protein expression of NF-κB that is a transcriptional regulator for the gene expression of inflammatory enzymes such as iNOS and COX-2 were significantly suppressed in TAAH by 21.98% (p<0.05), compared to that of TAA control. These results demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties of DMSP. While protein expression of antioxidant enzymes, NQO1 and HO-1, regulated by Nrf2 increased in TAAL, TAAH, and TAAS (p<0.05), compared with those of TAA control. CYP2E1, phase I detoxification enzyme involved in TAA metabolism in the liver increased significantly in TAAL and TAAH by 218.41 and 88.85% respectively (p<0.05). Protein expression of MAT and GST in the phase Ⅱ detoxification enzymes also increased significantly (p<0.05) by DMSP treatment. According to the results from the animal study, DMSP demonstrated protective effect from liver damage induced by TAA via elevating the activities of phase I and II enzymes involved in detoxification process as well as increasing the antioxidant status of the body while retarding body inflammatory responses.
In human study, whether taking a bath in the mineral water would stimulate the detoxification process in the liver, hydrotherapy using tap water and thalassotherapy using the magma seawater were performed after caffeine intake. Subjects of 18 (man 9, women 10) in the city of Jeju were participated in this study. Human study was design to take a full bath for 20 min followed by 40 min rest, which procedure was repeated for 5 times. Individual subject participated in the hydrotherapy first and then thalassotherapy a week after. At each experiment, subjects consumed a coffee that had 110 mg caffeine in it and then started a bath program. First and second saliva collection were carried out 30 min and 5 and 1/2 hrs. after coffee drinking to determine the clearance rate of caffeine in the plasma, which is an indirect way of determine the excretion rate of caffeine from the body via detoxification in the liver. It has been well documented that caffeine concentration in the saliva is positively related to that of caffeine in the plasma (r=0.987). The changes in caffeine concentration during hydrotherapy and thalassotherapy of each individual were calculated using data from 1st and 2nd saliva determination by HPLC. Although the differences in caffeine clearance rate between two therapies were not significantly different, 13.51% caffeine in the body were readily excreted by thalassotherapy prepared with the magma seawater.
In conclusion, the findings from animal and human studies suggest that the magma seawater from Jeju island seems to have protective effects from chronic liver disease through stimulation of hepatic detoxification, increase in antioxidant status, and retardation of inflammatory responses in the body. These phenomena were observed in thalassotherapy where caffeine clearance rate increased. Certain minerals in the water absorbed during a bath via skin were delivered to the liver where they could participate in the detoxification process. Advanced studies are required to elucidate the possible mechanisms of mineral in the water and its role in hepatic detoxification.
This study aims to examine the beneficial effects of magma seawater on hepatic detoxification process in animal and human study. Magma seawater was electro-dialyzed to remove NaCl and then freeze-dried in order to use the same sample for both studies. Mineral content of desalinated magma seawater (DMS) was 9,987 mg/dL where, in particular, trace mineral such as Ge, Se and V were present. In animal study, Spraque Dawley rat (n=50) was administered chow diet containing DMS powder (DMSP) with intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA, 200 mg/kg) to induce chronic hepatoxicity. In order to see the dose dependent effects of DMS on detoxification process, two different doses of diets containing DMSP were prepared based on the daily water consumption of rat. Normal control group (NOR) rats were fed chow diet with intraperitoneal injection of distilled water as a vehicle and experimental groups had intraperitoneal injection of TAA and fed chow diet (TAA control group), chow diet containing 0.91% DMSP (low intake group, TAAL), 2.05% DMSP (high intake group, TAAH), or 0.05% silymarin (positive control group, TAAS). Body weight was significantly reduced by TAA injection while it was regained by DMSP intake, informing that liver toxicity induced by TAA might be responsible for weight loss. Liver weights of rats in all TAA groups increased and it was reduced by 7.92% in TAAH group (p<0.05). According to macroscopic appearance of the liver from five animal groups were different, and it was evident that TAA induced the liver toxicity. Liver toxicity was confirmed with hematoxyline and eosin staining of hepatic tissue exhibiting that ruptured membrane and broken nucleus in TAA control. And collagen formation in the hepatocyte of TAA control observed by Masson's trichrome staining was severe while this phenomenon was retarded in DMSP intake animal groups. Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration of TAA control was significantly elevated but it was dropped off in TAAL and TAAH group (p<0.05). However, total cholesterol levels of all TAA-treated groups were not different regardless of diet. Hepatic TG and TC concentration of TAAL, TAAH, and TAAS were significantly lowered, compared with that of TAA control. The protein expressions of FAS and HMGCR and their transcription factor SREBP-1 and -2 were significantly elevated in TAA control while those enzymes and transcription factors were significantly suppressed by high intake of DMSP, meaning that DMSP seemed to have a protective effect from liver damage induced by TAA. Protein expression of NF-κB that is a transcriptional regulator for the gene expression of inflammatory enzymes such as iNOS and COX-2 were significantly suppressed in TAAH by 21.98% (p<0.05), compared to that of TAA control. These results demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties of DMSP. While protein expression of antioxidant enzymes, NQO1 and HO-1, regulated by Nrf2 increased in TAAL, TAAH, and TAAS (p<0.05), compared with those of TAA control. CYP2E1, phase I detoxification enzyme involved in TAA metabolism in the liver increased significantly in TAAL and TAAH by 218.41 and 88.85% respectively (p<0.05). Protein expression of MAT and GST in the phase Ⅱ detoxification enzymes also increased significantly (p<0.05) by DMSP treatment. According to the results from the animal study, DMSP demonstrated protective effect from liver damage induced by TAA via elevating the activities of phase I and II enzymes involved in detoxification process as well as increasing the antioxidant status of the body while retarding body inflammatory responses.
In human study, whether taking a bath in the mineral water would stimulate the detoxification process in the liver, hydrotherapy using tap water and thalassotherapy using the magma seawater were performed after caffeine intake. Subjects of 18 (man 9, women 10) in the city of Jeju were participated in this study. Human study was design to take a full bath for 20 min followed by 40 min rest, which procedure was repeated for 5 times. Individual subject participated in the hydrotherapy first and then thalassotherapy a week after. At each experiment, subjects consumed a coffee that had 110 mg caffeine in it and then started a bath program. First and second saliva collection were carried out 30 min and 5 and 1/2 hrs. after coffee drinking to determine the clearance rate of caffeine in the plasma, which is an indirect way of determine the excretion rate of caffeine from the body via detoxification in the liver. It has been well documented that caffeine concentration in the saliva is positively related to that of caffeine in the plasma (r=0.987). The changes in caffeine concentration during hydrotherapy and thalassotherapy of each individual were calculated using data from 1st and 2nd saliva determination by HPLC. Although the differences in caffeine clearance rate between two therapies were not significantly different, 13.51% caffeine in the body were readily excreted by thalassotherapy prepared with the magma seawater.
In conclusion, the findings from animal and human studies suggest that the magma seawater from Jeju island seems to have protective effects from chronic liver disease through stimulation of hepatic detoxification, increase in antioxidant status, and retardation of inflammatory responses in the body. These phenomena were observed in thalassotherapy where caffeine clearance rate increased. Certain minerals in the water absorbed during a bath via skin were delivered to the liver where they could participate in the detoxification process. Advanced studies are required to elucidate the possible mechanisms of mineral in the water and its role in hepatic detoxification.
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