The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the meanings, uses and functions of English relative pronouns and to find a way to generalize the rules grammatically. Relative pronouns take the role of modifiers that lead a relative clause and at the same time functions as a pronoun that is connected...
The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the meanings, uses and functions of English relative pronouns and to find a way to generalize the rules grammatically. Relative pronouns take the role of modifiers that lead a relative clause and at the same time functions as a pronoun that is connected to the antecedent. In Old English, there were no relative pronouns like those of today. The particle þe in Old English was used as a relative pronoun. þe combined with se, seo, þæt were used as relative pronouns. That of today came from þæt of Old English and who, whose, whom, wha’, which came from hwa, hwæs, hwæm, hwæt, hwilk respectively. Quirk divided English relative clauses into two kinds. One is a restrictive relative clause that modifies its antecedent and the other is a non-restrictive relative clause that does not have an antecedent or doesn’t give any information about its antecedent. They have some functional and formal differences. Analyzing a sentence containing a restrictive relative clause, the relative clause adjoined the NP of the matrix clause. However, in a sentence containing a non-restrictive relative clause, the matrix clause and the relative clause can be connected by and. When we utter a sentence containing a non-restrictive relative clause, we put a pause before the relative clause. Conversely, there’s no pause when uttering a sentence containing a restrictive relative clause. A restrictive relative clause can have a noun or a noun phrase as its antecedent but a non-restrictive relative clause can have a noun, a noun phrase, a verb phrase or an adjectival phrase as its antecedent. There are two kinds of relative pronouns. One is a definite relative pronoun which has a specified antecedent and the other is an indefinite relative pronoun that has no antecedent or an omitted antecedent because it is unnecessary. Roberts said who, whose, whom, which, what could be used as indefinite relative pronouns. He said a comma is put before a indefinite relative pronoun. An asyndetic relative clause that is not led by any relative pronouns and connected to the antecedent directly was not used in Old English or Old German because people were using Latin, which does not have them. Jo, Seongsik said that relative pronouns could be omitted when they are used in restrictive relative clauses. That can be used in both relative clauses and noun complement clauses. Radford said that that in a relative clause is different from that in a noun complement clause structurally and semantically. That in a relative clause can be omitted but that in a noun complement clause cannot. The antecedent that is led by that in a relative clause can be either singular or plural and can take any type of determinatives. Antecedents that are led by that in noun complement clauses can only take the as a determinative. For example, in the sentence, ‘I have instructions that I should leave.’ It is very difficult to discriminate whether that is a relative pronoun or a noun complement pronoun. Selkirk said we can discriminate it by intonation. When that is used as a relative pronoun, instructions takes the first stress. However, when that is used as a noun complement pronoun, leave takes the primary stress. Aarts said that relative clauses can also be introduced by the word that. However, he does not regard that as a pronoun but regards it as a subordinating conjunction because that cannot be used together with any propositions like ‘to that’. He said that there are implicit relativized elements in sentences containing that relative clauses and they have their antecedents. He said a free relative clause functions as a subject, an object or a prepositional complement in a sentence. That is, it functions like a noun phrase. He said the reason why it looks like a clause is that it contains a verb with a tense. He has tried to explain English grammar with some rules that can be used generally.
The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the meanings, uses and functions of English relative pronouns and to find a way to generalize the rules grammatically. Relative pronouns take the role of modifiers that lead a relative clause and at the same time functions as a pronoun that is connected to the antecedent. In Old English, there were no relative pronouns like those of today. The particle þe in Old English was used as a relative pronoun. þe combined with se, seo, þæt were used as relative pronouns. That of today came from þæt of Old English and who, whose, whom, wha’, which came from hwa, hwæs, hwæm, hwæt, hwilk respectively. Quirk divided English relative clauses into two kinds. One is a restrictive relative clause that modifies its antecedent and the other is a non-restrictive relative clause that does not have an antecedent or doesn’t give any information about its antecedent. They have some functional and formal differences. Analyzing a sentence containing a restrictive relative clause, the relative clause adjoined the NP of the matrix clause. However, in a sentence containing a non-restrictive relative clause, the matrix clause and the relative clause can be connected by and. When we utter a sentence containing a non-restrictive relative clause, we put a pause before the relative clause. Conversely, there’s no pause when uttering a sentence containing a restrictive relative clause. A restrictive relative clause can have a noun or a noun phrase as its antecedent but a non-restrictive relative clause can have a noun, a noun phrase, a verb phrase or an adjectival phrase as its antecedent. There are two kinds of relative pronouns. One is a definite relative pronoun which has a specified antecedent and the other is an indefinite relative pronoun that has no antecedent or an omitted antecedent because it is unnecessary. Roberts said who, whose, whom, which, what could be used as indefinite relative pronouns. He said a comma is put before a indefinite relative pronoun. An asyndetic relative clause that is not led by any relative pronouns and connected to the antecedent directly was not used in Old English or Old German because people were using Latin, which does not have them. Jo, Seongsik said that relative pronouns could be omitted when they are used in restrictive relative clauses. That can be used in both relative clauses and noun complement clauses. Radford said that that in a relative clause is different from that in a noun complement clause structurally and semantically. That in a relative clause can be omitted but that in a noun complement clause cannot. The antecedent that is led by that in a relative clause can be either singular or plural and can take any type of determinatives. Antecedents that are led by that in noun complement clauses can only take the as a determinative. For example, in the sentence, ‘I have instructions that I should leave.’ It is very difficult to discriminate whether that is a relative pronoun or a noun complement pronoun. Selkirk said we can discriminate it by intonation. When that is used as a relative pronoun, instructions takes the first stress. However, when that is used as a noun complement pronoun, leave takes the primary stress. Aarts said that relative clauses can also be introduced by the word that. However, he does not regard that as a pronoun but regards it as a subordinating conjunction because that cannot be used together with any propositions like ‘to that’. He said that there are implicit relativized elements in sentences containing that relative clauses and they have their antecedents. He said a free relative clause functions as a subject, an object or a prepositional complement in a sentence. That is, it functions like a noun phrase. He said the reason why it looks like a clause is that it contains a verb with a tense. He has tried to explain English grammar with some rules that can be used generally.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.