1. Major pest occurrence ecology and pest control in vineyards in Chungbuk province
In the main areas of grape production in the Chungbuk region, 27 pest species (10 Hemiptera, 7 Lepidoptera, 6 Coleoptera, 2 Orthoptera, and 2 others) were identified, and their hibernating stage, time of occurren...
1. Major pest occurrence ecology and pest control in vineyards in Chungbuk province
In the main areas of grape production in the Chungbuk region, 27 pest species (10 Hemiptera, 7 Lepidoptera, 6 Coleoptera, 2 Orthoptera, and 2 others) were identified, and their hibernating stage, time of occurrence, damage area, and damage density were investigated. Pests found in vineyards were categorized according to cultivation types into major pests, sporadic pests, and potential pests. Prevalence, extent of damage, plant variety preference, occurrence ecology such as spawning, and morphological characteristics were investigated in six species of potential pest that could develop into major pests, including Lycorma delicatula. In order to develop guidelines for a vineyard pest control program, research on prevention methods—both chemical prevention using organic materials and crop protectant, and physical prevention using LED traps, sticky traps, and fish traps—were conducted.
2. Major pest control strategy in vineyards
2.1. Lycorma delicatula
There are four pest control strategies against L. delicatula. The first is to exterminate L. delicatula eggs (efficiency 95 %) using chlorpyrifos WP during March and April. The second is to exterminate the pest immediately after hatching using dinotefuran at 95 % cumulated hatching in early June. The third is to decrease pest density using sticky traps between mid-June and early September, and to conduct extermination when adult pest density is over 5∼10 per grapevine in early August to secure grape quality. The fourth strategy is to exterminate the pest before spawning, which mainly occurs in late September.
2.2. Arboridia maculifrons
The strategies to control A. maculifrons density at an early stage include the use of yellow sticky traps that effectively attract and capture the pests during the day and white LED traps at night, both of which should be installed at 1.5 m height in the vineyard in late May, when adult pests emerging from hibernation frequently fly into the vineyard. The second strategy is to use the selected crop protectant within three days of observing the number of pests per grapevine exceeding 20, in order to minimize the effect of the pests on rate of photosynthesis. The last strategy is to remove fallen leaves and non-woven fabric to minimize hibernating pest density.
2.3. Oides decempunctatus
The most effective way to control O. decempunctatus is to use the selected crop protectant when leaf damage is first observed and when the number of pests per leaf exceeds seven. This occurs in early June for larvae, and in late July and early August for adults.
2.4. Nippoptilia vitis
There are three strategies to control N. vitis. The first is to immediately exterminate the pest by using selected pesticides around damaged fruit clusters as soon as the damage is found, in early to mid-June. This increases the rate of pest hatching inhibition of the pesticide and decreases fruit cluster damage. The second is to exterminate the pest in early to mid-July, which is the peak period of pupa and adult pest occurrence, to reduce spawning density. The last strategy is to remove secondary bunches of grapes and branches after harvest, to limit the development of hibernation habitats.
2.5. Metcalfa pruinosa
To control M. pruinosa, firstly, a thorough extermination should be conducted in early June, when cumulated hatching is 95–100 % and mobility of the larvae is low. The extermination should be targeted at host trees around the vineyard including false acacia trees, up to 2–4 m height, to reduce initial pest density. Secondly, intensive exterminations should be conducted on early spawning adult pests during late July to reduce the annual pest density.
2.6. Paratlanticus ussuriensis
To control P. ussuriensis, firstly, fish traps made from peach juice, makgeolli, fish meal and preservatives should be installed from early May, when the nymphs start to migrate into vineyards, to attract and capture the pests and curtail vineyard invasion. Secondly, selected pesticides (insecticidal effect 100 %) should be used when the increase in pest density reaches one pest per tree in mid to late May, which is the peak period of nymph occurrence.
1. Major pest occurrence ecology and pest control in vineyards in Chungbuk province
In the main areas of grape production in the Chungbuk region, 27 pest species (10 Hemiptera, 7 Lepidoptera, 6 Coleoptera, 2 Orthoptera, and 2 others) were identified, and their hibernating stage, time of occurrence, damage area, and damage density were investigated. Pests found in vineyards were categorized according to cultivation types into major pests, sporadic pests, and potential pests. Prevalence, extent of damage, plant variety preference, occurrence ecology such as spawning, and morphological characteristics were investigated in six species of potential pest that could develop into major pests, including Lycorma delicatula. In order to develop guidelines for a vineyard pest control program, research on prevention methods—both chemical prevention using organic materials and crop protectant, and physical prevention using LED traps, sticky traps, and fish traps—were conducted.
2. Major pest control strategy in vineyards
2.1. Lycorma delicatula
There are four pest control strategies against L. delicatula. The first is to exterminate L. delicatula eggs (efficiency 95 %) using chlorpyrifos WP during March and April. The second is to exterminate the pest immediately after hatching using dinotefuran at 95 % cumulated hatching in early June. The third is to decrease pest density using sticky traps between mid-June and early September, and to conduct extermination when adult pest density is over 5∼10 per grapevine in early August to secure grape quality. The fourth strategy is to exterminate the pest before spawning, which mainly occurs in late September.
2.2. Arboridia maculifrons
The strategies to control A. maculifrons density at an early stage include the use of yellow sticky traps that effectively attract and capture the pests during the day and white LED traps at night, both of which should be installed at 1.5 m height in the vineyard in late May, when adult pests emerging from hibernation frequently fly into the vineyard. The second strategy is to use the selected crop protectant within three days of observing the number of pests per grapevine exceeding 20, in order to minimize the effect of the pests on rate of photosynthesis. The last strategy is to remove fallen leaves and non-woven fabric to minimize hibernating pest density.
2.3. Oides decempunctatus
The most effective way to control O. decempunctatus is to use the selected crop protectant when leaf damage is first observed and when the number of pests per leaf exceeds seven. This occurs in early June for larvae, and in late July and early August for adults.
2.4. Nippoptilia vitis
There are three strategies to control N. vitis. The first is to immediately exterminate the pest by using selected pesticides around damaged fruit clusters as soon as the damage is found, in early to mid-June. This increases the rate of pest hatching inhibition of the pesticide and decreases fruit cluster damage. The second is to exterminate the pest in early to mid-July, which is the peak period of pupa and adult pest occurrence, to reduce spawning density. The last strategy is to remove secondary bunches of grapes and branches after harvest, to limit the development of hibernation habitats.
2.5. Metcalfa pruinosa
To control M. pruinosa, firstly, a thorough extermination should be conducted in early June, when cumulated hatching is 95–100 % and mobility of the larvae is low. The extermination should be targeted at host trees around the vineyard including false acacia trees, up to 2–4 m height, to reduce initial pest density. Secondly, intensive exterminations should be conducted on early spawning adult pests during late July to reduce the annual pest density.
2.6. Paratlanticus ussuriensis
To control P. ussuriensis, firstly, fish traps made from peach juice, makgeolli, fish meal and preservatives should be installed from early May, when the nymphs start to migrate into vineyards, to attract and capture the pests and curtail vineyard invasion. Secondly, selected pesticides (insecticidal effect 100 %) should be used when the increase in pest density reaches one pest per tree in mid to late May, which is the peak period of nymph occurrence.
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