Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether spinal column thermal massage device developed to relieve muscle pain actually has pain-relief effects. The study also examined changes in immunity and antioxidant functions associated with the prevention and treatment of disease in rel...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether spinal column thermal massage device developed to relieve muscle pain actually has pain-relief effects. The study also examined changes in immunity and antioxidant functions associated with the prevention and treatment of disease in relation to pain changes.
Research Design: This study, in which the experimental group and the control group were not allocated randomly, is a quasi-experimental design study using a non-equivalent control group. Participants in the experimental group used massage device while receiving daily rehabilitation, and participants in the control group received only rehabilitation treatment.
Methods: This study was conducted on adults who complained of pains for three months or longer. Some participants had disabilities due to damage to the central nervous system. A total of 140 participants were recruited, from which 29 dropped out. As a result, 116 persons (61 in the control group, 55 in the experimental group) participated in this study until the end. The study was conducted over a period of eight weeks. Prior to starting the intervention of a spinal column thermal massage, two pain-related questionnaires (PNRS and RMDQ) were distributed to all participants and blood was drawn from the participants for immunity and anti-oxidization analysis. The second survey and blood sampling were performed four weeks following massage intervention, and the third survey and blood sampling were undertaken eight weeks after the intervention. In order to examine the immune functions, the total number of leukocyte and the number of leukocyte subpopulation were measured and cytokine production capacity of lymphocyte was assessed. As the index for examining antioxidant functions, SOD, GPx, and CAT concentrations in blood were measured. The statistical methods used to analyze data in this study included two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, which was suitable for the quasi-experimental design model that used a non-equivalent control group.
Results: Some measurements showed different baselines before spinal column thermal massage intervention. Thus, the second and third measurements were converted into the rate of change against baseline to conduct a statistical analysis. As a result of the variance analysis on the change rate, there were significant differences between the groups in both the overall test in self-reports for pain levels (PNRS) and the comparison by time for simple effects. Such differences between the groups were also found in measurements (RMDQ) on the level of disability in everyday life due to back pain. Upon analyzing the effects of spinal column thermal massage device on immune functions, there were no differences in the total number of leukocytes as well as the number of lymphocytes and monocytes. No difference was observed in the T.B lymphocytes. However, compared to the control group, the ratio of NK cells increased more significantly in the experimental group (comparison of the overall test and the rate of change after 8 weeks). The DC ratio showed significant differences between the groups in both the overall test and the comparison by time. In addition, there was no difference between the two groups in the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ in T cells. Upon examining the NK cell’s IFN-γ production, there was a difference between two groups in the comparison between the overall test (second day after culturing) and the rate of change four weeks later (first to third days after culturing). Analysis of the effects of spinal column thermal massage on antioxidant activity, the SOD concentration in the blood showed significant differences between the groups in the comparison of the rates of change after four weeks, while GPx and CAT showed significant differences between the groups in the comparison of the rates of change after eight weeks.
Lastly, upon analyzing the relationship of pain index and immunity and antioxidant index, all variables, with the exception of CAT eight weeks after the application of the massager, had statistically significant correlations with clinical indices related to pain.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that with the intervention of spinal column thermal massage using a device for eight weeks, pain could be relieved and immunity and antioxidant functions could be improved. In addition, the significant correlation between lowered pain and improved immunity and antioxidant functions implies that the use of spinal column thermal massage device for pain relief can contribute to the prevention and treatment of diseases related to immunity and antioxidation.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether spinal column thermal massage device developed to relieve muscle pain actually has pain-relief effects. The study also examined changes in immunity and antioxidant functions associated with the prevention and treatment of disease in relation to pain changes.
Research Design: This study, in which the experimental group and the control group were not allocated randomly, is a quasi-experimental design study using a non-equivalent control group. Participants in the experimental group used massage device while receiving daily rehabilitation, and participants in the control group received only rehabilitation treatment.
Methods: This study was conducted on adults who complained of pains for three months or longer. Some participants had disabilities due to damage to the central nervous system. A total of 140 participants were recruited, from which 29 dropped out. As a result, 116 persons (61 in the control group, 55 in the experimental group) participated in this study until the end. The study was conducted over a period of eight weeks. Prior to starting the intervention of a spinal column thermal massage, two pain-related questionnaires (PNRS and RMDQ) were distributed to all participants and blood was drawn from the participants for immunity and anti-oxidization analysis. The second survey and blood sampling were performed four weeks following massage intervention, and the third survey and blood sampling were undertaken eight weeks after the intervention. In order to examine the immune functions, the total number of leukocyte and the number of leukocyte subpopulation were measured and cytokine production capacity of lymphocyte was assessed. As the index for examining antioxidant functions, SOD, GPx, and CAT concentrations in blood were measured. The statistical methods used to analyze data in this study included two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, which was suitable for the quasi-experimental design model that used a non-equivalent control group.
Results: Some measurements showed different baselines before spinal column thermal massage intervention. Thus, the second and third measurements were converted into the rate of change against baseline to conduct a statistical analysis. As a result of the variance analysis on the change rate, there were significant differences between the groups in both the overall test in self-reports for pain levels (PNRS) and the comparison by time for simple effects. Such differences between the groups were also found in measurements (RMDQ) on the level of disability in everyday life due to back pain. Upon analyzing the effects of spinal column thermal massage device on immune functions, there were no differences in the total number of leukocytes as well as the number of lymphocytes and monocytes. No difference was observed in the T.B lymphocytes. However, compared to the control group, the ratio of NK cells increased more significantly in the experimental group (comparison of the overall test and the rate of change after 8 weeks). The DC ratio showed significant differences between the groups in both the overall test and the comparison by time. In addition, there was no difference between the two groups in the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ in T cells. Upon examining the NK cell’s IFN-γ production, there was a difference between two groups in the comparison between the overall test (second day after culturing) and the rate of change four weeks later (first to third days after culturing). Analysis of the effects of spinal column thermal massage on antioxidant activity, the SOD concentration in the blood showed significant differences between the groups in the comparison of the rates of change after four weeks, while GPx and CAT showed significant differences between the groups in the comparison of the rates of change after eight weeks.
Lastly, upon analyzing the relationship of pain index and immunity and antioxidant index, all variables, with the exception of CAT eight weeks after the application of the massager, had statistically significant correlations with clinical indices related to pain.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that with the intervention of spinal column thermal massage using a device for eight weeks, pain could be relieved and immunity and antioxidant functions could be improved. In addition, the significant correlation between lowered pain and improved immunity and antioxidant functions implies that the use of spinal column thermal massage device for pain relief can contribute to the prevention and treatment of diseases related to immunity and antioxidation.
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