In this study, the protective effect of respiratory inflammation caused by particulate matter was confirmed through in vitro and in vivo tests using Opuntia picus-indica stem extract, and the mechanism of action was investigated. And the indicator material of Opuntia picus-indica stem extract was de...
In this study, the protective effect of respiratory inflammation caused by particulate matter was confirmed through in vitro and in vivo tests using Opuntia picus-indica stem extract, and the mechanism of action was investigated. And the indicator material of Opuntia picus-indica stem extract was determined.
As a result of in vitro test the protective effect of ROS produced by particulate matter on the Opuntia picus-indica stem, hot water extracts and 50% ethanol extracts were found to be effective in protection respiratory inflammation caused by particulate matter by 30% and 57%, respectively.
To confirm the efficacy of Opuntia ficus-indica extract (OFI-50E) on the inflammatory response induced by particulate matter, efficacy evaluation was conducted using an animal model.
As a result of analyzing inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, CXCL-1, MIP2, IL_17, and TNF-α increased by particulate matter were statistically significantly decreased in the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue was also significantly reduced in the OFI-50E-administered group, and it was confirmed through immunohistochemical staining that the expression of TNF-α and CXCL-2 proteins in the lung tissue was reduced.
As a result of analyzing various immune cells present in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and peripheral mononuclear cells, it was confirmed that lymphocytes and neutrophils in the lung tissue were significantly reduced in the OFI-50E administration group, and the number of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells decreased. In addition, it was confirmed that the number of Gr-1+ /CD11b+ cells was significantly reduced.
As a result of analyzing various immune cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral monocytes, it was confirmed that various immune cells increased by particulate matter were decreased in the OFI-50E administration group. Through histological analysis of lung tissue and airway tissue, it was confirmed that the tissue damage caused by particulate matter improved in the OFI-50E administration group.
To confirm whether OFI-50E has an effective improvement effect on respiratory damage aggravated by particulate matter in an asthma animal model, efficacy evaluation was conducted using a respiratory damage model caused by asthma and particulate matter. In addition, in the group administered with OFI-50E, the total number of cells and the total number of lung cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage increased by OVA and particulate matter were significantly decreased, and it was confirmed that the number of neutrophils was decreased.
As a result of analyzing inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, it was confirmed that CXCL-1, MIP2, IL_17, and TNF-α increased by particulate matter were statistically significantly reduced in the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, it was confirmed that IL_4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are involved in allergy, were significantly reduced in the splenocytes of the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue was also significantly reduced in the OFI-50E-administered group, and it was confirmed that the expression of IRAK-1, CXCL-2, and STAT3 proteins in the lung tissue was reduced.
And, as a result of analyzing various immune cells present in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and peripheral mononuclear cells, the number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, activated hlper T cells and CD11b-/CD44high+ cells in the lung tissue was decreased in the OFI-50E-administered group. In addition, it was confirmed that the number of Gr-1+ /CD11b+ cells was significantly reduced.
Similarly, as a result of analyzing various immune cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral monocytes, it was confirmed that various immune cells increased by particulate matter in the OFI-50E group were decreased. Through histological analysis of lung tissue, it was confirmed that inflammation in the tissue was improved and collagen deposition was improved in the OFI-50E administration group.
In OFI-50E, narcissin with a high content was set as an indicator material. The efficacy of narcissin for improving inflammation induced by particulate matter was confirmed in vitro, and finally, narcissin was determined as an indicator material.
Summarizing the above results, Opuntia ficus-indica extract confirmed the improvement effect on respiratory inflammation induced by particulate matter and asthma symptoms aggravated by particulate matter. This efficacy is judged to be the result of suppressing NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation and inhibiting the production of inflammation-related cytokines as IRAK-1 expression activated by TLR4 is suppressed.
In this study, the protective effect of respiratory inflammation caused by particulate matter was confirmed through in vitro and in vivo tests using Opuntia picus-indica stem extract, and the mechanism of action was investigated. And the indicator material of Opuntia picus-indica stem extract was determined.
As a result of in vitro test the protective effect of ROS produced by particulate matter on the Opuntia picus-indica stem, hot water extracts and 50% ethanol extracts were found to be effective in protection respiratory inflammation caused by particulate matter by 30% and 57%, respectively.
To confirm the efficacy of Opuntia ficus-indica extract (OFI-50E) on the inflammatory response induced by particulate matter, efficacy evaluation was conducted using an animal model.
As a result of analyzing inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, CXCL-1, MIP2, IL_17, and TNF-α increased by particulate matter were statistically significantly decreased in the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue was also significantly reduced in the OFI-50E-administered group, and it was confirmed through immunohistochemical staining that the expression of TNF-α and CXCL-2 proteins in the lung tissue was reduced.
As a result of analyzing various immune cells present in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and peripheral mononuclear cells, it was confirmed that lymphocytes and neutrophils in the lung tissue were significantly reduced in the OFI-50E administration group, and the number of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells decreased. In addition, it was confirmed that the number of Gr-1+ /CD11b+ cells was significantly reduced.
As a result of analyzing various immune cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral monocytes, it was confirmed that various immune cells increased by particulate matter were decreased in the OFI-50E administration group. Through histological analysis of lung tissue and airway tissue, it was confirmed that the tissue damage caused by particulate matter improved in the OFI-50E administration group.
To confirm whether OFI-50E has an effective improvement effect on respiratory damage aggravated by particulate matter in an asthma animal model, efficacy evaluation was conducted using a respiratory damage model caused by asthma and particulate matter. In addition, in the group administered with OFI-50E, the total number of cells and the total number of lung cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage increased by OVA and particulate matter were significantly decreased, and it was confirmed that the number of neutrophils was decreased.
As a result of analyzing inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, it was confirmed that CXCL-1, MIP2, IL_17, and TNF-α increased by particulate matter were statistically significantly reduced in the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, it was confirmed that IL_4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are involved in allergy, were significantly reduced in the splenocytes of the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue was also significantly reduced in the OFI-50E-administered group, and it was confirmed that the expression of IRAK-1, CXCL-2, and STAT3 proteins in the lung tissue was reduced.
And, as a result of analyzing various immune cells present in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and peripheral mononuclear cells, the number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, activated hlper T cells and CD11b-/CD44high+ cells in the lung tissue was decreased in the OFI-50E-administered group. In addition, it was confirmed that the number of Gr-1+ /CD11b+ cells was significantly reduced.
Similarly, as a result of analyzing various immune cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral monocytes, it was confirmed that various immune cells increased by particulate matter in the OFI-50E group were decreased. Through histological analysis of lung tissue, it was confirmed that inflammation in the tissue was improved and collagen deposition was improved in the OFI-50E administration group.
In OFI-50E, narcissin with a high content was set as an indicator material. The efficacy of narcissin for improving inflammation induced by particulate matter was confirmed in vitro, and finally, narcissin was determined as an indicator material.
Summarizing the above results, Opuntia ficus-indica extract confirmed the improvement effect on respiratory inflammation induced by particulate matter and asthma symptoms aggravated by particulate matter. This efficacy is judged to be the result of suppressing NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation and inhibiting the production of inflammation-related cytokines as IRAK-1 expression activated by TLR4 is suppressed.
Keyword
#Particulate matter, Respiratory system, Narcissin, Opuntia ficus-indica, Asthma
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