Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative arthritis (DA) that comes with inflammation or pain caused by damage of cartilage in joints. Articular cartilage is a prominent part in absorbing shock so that bones may move frictionlessly. However, the bones under the cartilage are worn away by aging, obesity,...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative arthritis (DA) that comes with inflammation or pain caused by damage of cartilage in joints. Articular cartilage is a prominent part in absorbing shock so that bones may move frictionlessly. However, the bones under the cartilage are worn away by aging, obesity, or excessive joint use, and resulting in pain and damage of cartilage caused by inflammation. The treatment methods for OA vary depending on advanced stage and divided into nonsteroidal steroids, steroid medications, intra-articular injections, and surgery however there are side effects such as tolerance, blood circulation disorders, joint weakness, osteonecrosis, and complications. Therefore, research is necessary to examine safe functional foods and materials that may slow down or prevent advanced stage of OA.
Chicken feet used in this study have a high collagen content and ingredients such as chondroitin and glucosamine are known to restore arthritis, therefore it was used as a folk remedy along with herbal medicines according to Donguibogam. However, there have been no studies on the evidence or action mechanism of chicken feet and herbal medicine combined extracts on the anti-osteoarthritis effect.
The conditions for extracting chicken feet and examined the effect on OA by selecting herbal medicines that will increase the activity of chicken feet. First, anti-inflammatory effect by extraction conditions and ratio of chicken feet and herbal medicine extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells of mouse macrophages, and on that basis, the potential for cartilage protection was evaluated using in vivo OA animal model.
Phenolic and flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity increased as the chicken feet extraction temperature, time, and content increased, and correspondingly, radical scavenging activity and reducing activity increased.
In addition, five herbal medicines that are well known for anti-inflammatory effects were selected based on literature review; Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seeman (A. sessiliflorum), Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides), Dendropanax morbifera LEV. (D. morbifera), Astragalus membranaceus (A. membranaceus), and A. membranaceus. Among the five herbal medicine extracts, A. sessiliflorum and E. ulmoides showed strong radical scavenging activity and FRAP reduicng power.
After that, anti-inflammatory effect of chicken feet according to the extraction conditions was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells, which are mouse macrophages. It was confirmed that the extraction conditions were optimal when the chicken feet content was 10%, 100 ℃, 15 hours, and the herbal formula of A. sessiliflorum and E. ulmoides were 1:1 ratio (CAEM). In addition, CAEM extract does not affect survival rate of macrophages at concentrations below 2.5 mg/mL. CAEM extract was effective in NO scavenging activity at 2.5 mg/mL, that macrophages treated with 1 μg/mL of LPS, and it was confirmed that the amount of production of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), was significantly inhibited. The real-time PCR experiment showed that mRNA expression amount of inflammatory mediators was significantly inhibited when the expression amount of IL-6, TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increased by LPS treatment with CAEM extract (2.5 mg/mL). Pursuantly, CAEM extract inhibited overgeneration of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Moreover, CAEM extract exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by down-regulation of gene expression of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase.
In order to confirm the pain reduction effect of the CAEM extract, writhing responses was evaluated in acetic acid-induced mice model. Results showed that ibuprofen-administered group was decreased the number of writhing responses, compared to control group. Administration of CAEM (300 and 600 mg/kg) also showed lower the number of writhihg that are similar to ibuprofen-administered mice (positive control group).
There was no change in body weight for 24 days after OA injection, indicating that nor lack of appetite caused by combined dietary samples. The weight distribution of the Sham group showed 50 ± 1%, and the OA-induced group showed a change in weight bearing in the legs. Until the end of experiment, joint discomfort was continued. The control group showed a rapid decrease in weight bearing on the induced side of OA, and gradual decrease in weight bearing on the induced side. However, in the case of the CAEM extract, the width of decrease of weight bearing on the leg induced by OA was lower than that of the control group, and the weight bearing was continued with more than 10% higher in comparison with the control group.
Control group of joints was severely damaged compared to the normal group, resulting infiltration of inflammatory cells in the tissue and inflammation of the synovial membrane, however, it was confirmed that the ibuprofen group and 300 mg/kg CAEM extract reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and tissue loss. Even in Safranin-O staining, the normal group and the control group showed loss of proteoglycan due to inflammation and invasion of cartilage, and the cartilage tissue was damaged. On the other hand, ibuprofen group showed a soft cartilage layer, and it was confirmed that the cartilage layer was improved in the CAEM extract group compared to the control group. These protective effects of CAEM extract against arthritis was contributed by regulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, these results show that it may be used as a material for health functional food or baseline data for the remedial and preventative action for DA.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative arthritis (DA) that comes with inflammation or pain caused by damage of cartilage in joints. Articular cartilage is a prominent part in absorbing shock so that bones may move frictionlessly. However, the bones under the cartilage are worn away by aging, obesity, or excessive joint use, and resulting in pain and damage of cartilage caused by inflammation. The treatment methods for OA vary depending on advanced stage and divided into nonsteroidal steroids, steroid medications, intra-articular injections, and surgery however there are side effects such as tolerance, blood circulation disorders, joint weakness, osteonecrosis, and complications. Therefore, research is necessary to examine safe functional foods and materials that may slow down or prevent advanced stage of OA.
Chicken feet used in this study have a high collagen content and ingredients such as chondroitin and glucosamine are known to restore arthritis, therefore it was used as a folk remedy along with herbal medicines according to Donguibogam. However, there have been no studies on the evidence or action mechanism of chicken feet and herbal medicine combined extracts on the anti-osteoarthritis effect.
The conditions for extracting chicken feet and examined the effect on OA by selecting herbal medicines that will increase the activity of chicken feet. First, anti-inflammatory effect by extraction conditions and ratio of chicken feet and herbal medicine extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells of mouse macrophages, and on that basis, the potential for cartilage protection was evaluated using in vivo OA animal model.
Phenolic and flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity increased as the chicken feet extraction temperature, time, and content increased, and correspondingly, radical scavenging activity and reducing activity increased.
In addition, five herbal medicines that are well known for anti-inflammatory effects were selected based on literature review; Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seeman (A. sessiliflorum), Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides), Dendropanax morbifera LEV. (D. morbifera), Astragalus membranaceus (A. membranaceus), and A. membranaceus. Among the five herbal medicine extracts, A. sessiliflorum and E. ulmoides showed strong radical scavenging activity and FRAP reduicng power.
After that, anti-inflammatory effect of chicken feet according to the extraction conditions was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells, which are mouse macrophages. It was confirmed that the extraction conditions were optimal when the chicken feet content was 10%, 100 ℃, 15 hours, and the herbal formula of A. sessiliflorum and E. ulmoides were 1:1 ratio (CAEM). In addition, CAEM extract does not affect survival rate of macrophages at concentrations below 2.5 mg/mL. CAEM extract was effective in NO scavenging activity at 2.5 mg/mL, that macrophages treated with 1 μg/mL of LPS, and it was confirmed that the amount of production of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), was significantly inhibited. The real-time PCR experiment showed that mRNA expression amount of inflammatory mediators was significantly inhibited when the expression amount of IL-6, TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increased by LPS treatment with CAEM extract (2.5 mg/mL). Pursuantly, CAEM extract inhibited overgeneration of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Moreover, CAEM extract exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by down-regulation of gene expression of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase.
In order to confirm the pain reduction effect of the CAEM extract, writhing responses was evaluated in acetic acid-induced mice model. Results showed that ibuprofen-administered group was decreased the number of writhing responses, compared to control group. Administration of CAEM (300 and 600 mg/kg) also showed lower the number of writhihg that are similar to ibuprofen-administered mice (positive control group).
There was no change in body weight for 24 days after OA injection, indicating that nor lack of appetite caused by combined dietary samples. The weight distribution of the Sham group showed 50 ± 1%, and the OA-induced group showed a change in weight bearing in the legs. Until the end of experiment, joint discomfort was continued. The control group showed a rapid decrease in weight bearing on the induced side of OA, and gradual decrease in weight bearing on the induced side. However, in the case of the CAEM extract, the width of decrease of weight bearing on the leg induced by OA was lower than that of the control group, and the weight bearing was continued with more than 10% higher in comparison with the control group.
Control group of joints was severely damaged compared to the normal group, resulting infiltration of inflammatory cells in the tissue and inflammation of the synovial membrane, however, it was confirmed that the ibuprofen group and 300 mg/kg CAEM extract reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and tissue loss. Even in Safranin-O staining, the normal group and the control group showed loss of proteoglycan due to inflammation and invasion of cartilage, and the cartilage tissue was damaged. On the other hand, ibuprofen group showed a soft cartilage layer, and it was confirmed that the cartilage layer was improved in the CAEM extract group compared to the control group. These protective effects of CAEM extract against arthritis was contributed by regulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, these results show that it may be used as a material for health functional food or baseline data for the remedial and preventative action for DA.
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#osteoarthritis anti-inflammation chicken feet monosodium iodoacetate
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