[논문]A Method for the Reduction of Skin Marker Artifacts During Walking : Application to the Knee

Mun, Joung-Hwan

doi:10.1007/bf02983396

A Method for the Reduction of Skin Marker Artifacts During Walking : Application to the Knee 원문보기

KSME international journal, v.17 no.6, 2003년, pp.825 - 835

Mun, Joung-Hwan (Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering College of Life Science ＆ Technology Sungkyunkwan University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of joint angle errors mainly due to skin artifact and measurement errors during gait analysis. Joint angle errors lead to unreliable kinematics and kinetic analyses in the investigation of human motion. The purpose of this paper is to present the Joint Averaging Coordinate System (JACS) method for human gait analysis. The JACS method is based on the concept of statistical data reduction of anatomically referenced marker data. Since markers are not attached to rigid bodies, different marker combinations lead to slightly different predictions of joint angles. These different combinations can be averaged in order to provide a "best" estimate of joint angle. Results of a gait analysis are presented using clinically meaningful terminology to provide better communication with clinical personal. In order to verify the developed JACS method, a simple three-dimensional knee joint contact model was developed, employing an absolute coordinate system without using any kinematics constraint in which thigh and shank segments can be derived independently. In the experimental data recovery, the separation and penetration distance of the knee joint is supposed to be zero during one gait cycle if there are no errors in the experimental data. Using the JACS method, the separation and penetration error was reduced compared to well-developed existing methods such as ACRS and Spoor & Veldpaus method. The separation and penetration distance ranged up to 15 mm and 12 mm using the Spoor & Veldpaus and ACRS method, respectively, compared to 9 mm using JACS method. Statistical methods like the JACS can be applied in conjunction with existing techniques that reduce systematic errors in marker location, leading to an improved assessment of human gait.

주제어

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문제 정의

The objective of this study is to show the effectiveness of the JACS method when a five-marker system is employed for experimental gait analysis. In order to verify the effectiveness of the developed JACS method, a comparison with a well-defined existing method such as Spoor & Veldpaus and ACRS method (Mun, 2001) using multiple markers from redundant marker sets is made.

제안 방법

By selecting one marker combination as the reference configuration, a series of constant transformation matrices can be determined from calibration data between all other marker combinations and the reference configuration. By applying these rotation matrices to the recovered direction cosine vectors at each marker location during the gait test, the Euler angles for the segment orientation were computed and then averaged to get statis-tic이ly better results. This method differs from the previously mentioned Euler angle averaging techniques, because the rotational sequence used for each permutation is the same and thus there are no theoretical problems with averaging the resultant angles.
Experimental gait data from a normal, healthy male(33 years old, 74 Kg, and height 177 cm) with a free walking speed of 1.4 m/sec was used as input for the inverse kinematic analysis. As shown in Fig.
al, (1995)developed a solidification procedure, based on the work of Spoor and Veldpaus (1980), to reduce experimental error, mainly due to skin movement, by optimizing the coordinate reference system over the whole gait cycle. Given a redundant number of markers, fixed on a single body segment, three markers which best represent the least perturbed triangle over the range of motion were chosen using an iterative search and elimination procedure.
The ACRS concept was developed based on this fact. Like the Joint Averaging Coordinate System (JACS) method presented in this paper, the ACRS method averages multiple coordinate reference systems determined from the skin markers, using one gait trial test. It can be applied to experimental gait trials using three or more markers.
This method is based on the least square concept which minimizes the influence of noise by making use of the shape distribution of the marker points, rather than their values. The objective function can be written as

대상 데이터

The IREDs were tracked using an Optotrak motion analysis system (model 3020, Northern Digital, Waterloo, Ontario) at 60 Hz. The subject walked along a 30 m walkway that contained a 3 m by 2 m data collection volume with an estimated accuracy of greater than 1 mm in all directions. Marker data were filtered at 6 Hz using a 4th order Butterworth filter.

이론/모형

In order to verify the developed JACS method, a simple 3-D knee joint contact model was developed, employing an absolute coordinate system. The lateral and medical condyles were assumed spherical having fixed radii of 204 mm and 19.

성능/효과

From the individual curves for each marker combination, maximum differences for both fl-exion/extension angle and adduction/abduction rotation occurred at 42% of the gait cycle, with the difference in flexion/extension being approximately 10°, and adduction/abduction rotation being about 5°;. The difference between the maximum and minimum external/internal rotation is about 18°, which occurs during the swing phase, at 98% of the gait cycle.

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