Ninety six growing pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Jia$) were used to investigate the effects of betaine on growth, nutrient utilization, carcass composition and meat quality at different levels of betaine in the diet. The pigs were randomly assigned by weight to four groups, each of ...
Ninety six growing pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Jia$) were used to investigate the effects of betaine on growth, nutrient utilization, carcass composition and meat quality at different levels of betaine in the diet. The pigs were randomly assigned by weight to four groups, each of which was replicated three times with eight pigs per replicate. Four groups were fed with diets supplemented with 0, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg/kg betaine. The pigs were grown from 20 kg live weight to approximately 64 kg. The 1,000 mg/kg and 1,500 mg/kg betaine treated groups increased average daily gain by 13.20% (p<0.01) and 9.28% (p<0.05) and average daily feed intake by 7.30% (p<0.05) and 7.33% (p<0.01) respectively and decreased feed conversion ratio by 7.93% (p<0.01) and 6.55% (p<0.05) respectively compared to the control group. However, these differences were not found in the other betaine treated groups. The 1,000 mg/kg betaine treated group significantly elevated carcass lean proportion by 7.49% (p<0.05) and longissimus muscle area by 19.12% p<0.05) and contents of ether extract and myoglobin in longissimus dorsi. by 34.21% (p<0.01) and 29.56% (p<0.01) respectively, reduced carcass fat proportion and fat depth by 27.21% (p<0.05) and 14.86% (p<0.05) respectively compared to the control group. It is concluded that betaine supplementation in the diets may improve growth performance and carcass characteristics in growing pigs.
Ninety six growing pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Jia$) were used to investigate the effects of betaine on growth, nutrient utilization, carcass composition and meat quality at different levels of betaine in the diet. The pigs were randomly assigned by weight to four groups, each of which was replicated three times with eight pigs per replicate. Four groups were fed with diets supplemented with 0, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg/kg betaine. The pigs were grown from 20 kg live weight to approximately 64 kg. The 1,000 mg/kg and 1,500 mg/kg betaine treated groups increased average daily gain by 13.20% (p<0.01) and 9.28% (p<0.05) and average daily feed intake by 7.30% (p<0.05) and 7.33% (p<0.01) respectively and decreased feed conversion ratio by 7.93% (p<0.01) and 6.55% (p<0.05) respectively compared to the control group. However, these differences were not found in the other betaine treated groups. The 1,000 mg/kg betaine treated group significantly elevated carcass lean proportion by 7.49% (p<0.05) and longissimus muscle area by 19.12% p<0.05) and contents of ether extract and myoglobin in longissimus dorsi. by 34.21% (p<0.01) and 29.56% (p<0.01) respectively, reduced carcass fat proportion and fat depth by 27.21% (p<0.05) and 14.86% (p<0.05) respectively compared to the control group. It is concluded that betaine supplementation in the diets may improve growth performance and carcass characteristics in growing pigs.
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문제 정의
The objective of this study was to assess the growth, feed efficiency, carcass composition and pork quality response of growing pigs to betaine.
가설 설정
2 All ofthe data are analytic values except digestible energy.
제안 방법
At the end of the feeding trial, twelve pigs (six pigs each group with two pigs per replicate) were selected to determine carcass composition and meat quality from control group and 1,500 mg/kg betaine treated group, respectively.
At the end of the feeding trial, twelve pigs (six pigs each group with two pigs per replicate) were selected to determine carcass composition and meat quality from control group and 1,500 ㎎/㎏ betaine treated group, respectively.
The pigs were weighed and feed intake was determined weekly up to 64 kg BW. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for all pigs for the experimented period.
대상 데이터
The feeding trial was carried out in Jiaxin Xushan breeding farm during 5 October-10 December 2002. Ninety-six crossbred barrows (DurocxLandrancexJia) weighing approximately 20 kg were randomly assigned by weight to four groups, each of which was replicated three times with eight pigs per replicate.
데이터처리
A completely randomized design with four treatments was used. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general liner model procedures of the SAS software (1989). For all data, the model included treatment as main effect.
이론/모형
Protein, fat, and ash are reported on DM basis. Protein was determined using the macro-Kjeldahl method (AOAC, 1984). The fat content was analyzed by ether extraction (AOAC, 1984).
Ash was determined by the AOAC (1984) method. Myoglobin was analyzed by the method of Trout and Gutzke (1996). Amino acid compositions in Longissimus muscle were analyzed using a Beckman model 126 amino acid auto analyzer (Beckman Instruments, Palo, CA).
성능/효과
The composition of basal diets and their main contents are shown in Table 1. The dietary DE, CP, lysine and Methionine levels were 3.175 kcal/kg, 17.62%, 1.05% and 0.45% in each experiment, respectively. Pigs were allowed to consume feed and water from nipple waterers on an ad libitum basis.
The results implied that adding 1,500 ㎎/㎏ betaine had a consistent increase in CLP and a decrease in CFP of growing pigs, which were comparable to previous studies noted above.
In the present study, no significant effects of betaine on dressing percentage, carcass skin proportion and carcass bone proportion were observed. The results implied that adding 1,500 mg/kg betaine had a consistent increase in CLP and a decrease in CFP of growing pigs, which were comparable to previous studies noted above.
1,500 ㎎/㎏ added in the diet improved mostly ADG and FCR, compared with control group, 2,000 ㎎/㎏ adding diet was most effective on ADFI.
In addition, 1,500 ㎎/㎏ supplemented diet increased significantly the carcass lean proportion, LMA, color score of lean, marbling score, and reduced carcass fat proportion, BFD, leaf fat.
Supplementing betaine in the diets improved growth performance and carcass composition in growing pigs. 1,500 mg/kg added in the diet improved mostly ADG and FCR, compared with control group, 2,000 mg/kg adding diet was most effective on ADFI. In addition, 1,500 mg/kg supplemented diet increased significantly the carcass lean proportion, LMA, color score of lean, marbling score, and reduced carcass fat proportion, BFD, leaf fat.
1,500 mg/kg added in the diet improved mostly ADG and FCR, compared with control group, 2,000 mg/kg adding diet was most effective on ADFI. In addition, 1,500 mg/kg supplemented diet increased significantly the carcass lean proportion, LMA, color score of lean, marbling score, and reduced carcass fat proportion, BFD, leaf fat. Generally, betaine improved the meat quality of pigs.
후속연구
As for the 2,000 mg/kg group, betaine treatments had no significant effects on ADG and FCR, but improved ADFI, which was in agreement with the results in fishes of Lu (2001). It is suggested that adding a high dose of betaine to the diet may have produced some negative responses for pigs: further studies should be conducted to confirm this. These results indicated that 1,000 mg/kg and 1,500 mg/kg betaine supplementation could improve growth performance and feed efficiency.
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