Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed among bumblebees using a portion of mitochondrial (mt) 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). Eight species of true bumblebees and one species of cuckoo bumblebee (Bombini, Apidae), collected from Korea were included in the analysis. Also, one species of true bumblebe...
Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed among bumblebees using a portion of mitochondrial (mt) 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). Eight species of true bumblebees and one species of cuckoo bumblebee (Bombini, Apidae), collected from Korea were included in the analysis. Also, one species of true bumblebee imported from several foreign countries for pollination was included. The length of mt 16S rRNA sequence ranged from 496 bp to 508 bp and sequence divergence ranged from 1.4％ (7 bp) to 15.49％ (77bp). As expected, a high A＋T content was observed (78.5％ on average). According to the phylogeny tree derived from parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis, a monphyletic Bombus species, excluding a single cuckoo bumblebee, Psithyrus coreanus, was obtained, but the bootstrap estimate at the node supporting the monophyletic group was very weak (40％ or 46％), suggesting a very close relationship of the cuckoo bumblebee to the true bumblebee. Within Bombus species belonging to identical subgenera subgeneric specific clustering was formed with high bootstrap values, implying validity of the subgeneric names of each species: Pyrobombus for B. ardens and B. modeatus; Megabombus for B. consobrinus wittenburgi and B. koreanus; and Bombus s. str. for B. ignitus, B. hypocrita sapporoensis, and B. terrestris.
Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed among bumblebees using a portion of mitochondrial (mt) 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). Eight species of true bumblebees and one species of cuckoo bumblebee (Bombini, Apidae), collected from Korea were included in the analysis. Also, one species of true bumblebee imported from several foreign countries for pollination was included. The length of mt 16S rRNA sequence ranged from 496 bp to 508 bp and sequence divergence ranged from 1.4％ (7 bp) to 15.49％ (77bp). As expected, a high A＋T content was observed (78.5％ on average). According to the phylogeny tree derived from parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis, a monphyletic Bombus species, excluding a single cuckoo bumblebee, Psithyrus coreanus, was obtained, but the bootstrap estimate at the node supporting the monophyletic group was very weak (40％ or 46％), suggesting a very close relationship of the cuckoo bumblebee to the true bumblebee. Within Bombus species belonging to identical subgenera subgeneric specific clustering was formed with high bootstrap values, implying validity of the subgeneric names of each species: Pyrobombus for B. ardens and B. modeatus; Megabombus for B. consobrinus wittenburgi and B. koreanus; and Bombus s. str. for B. ignitus, B. hypocrita sapporoensis, and B. terrestris.
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대상 데이터
Phylogenetic analysis by maximum-parsimony (A) and maximum-likelihood methods (B). The analyses were performed with nine true bumblebees and one cuckoo bumblebee species using mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences. In both analyses a carpenter bee species, Xylocopa applendiculata circumvolans, was used as an outgroup.
이론/모형
The obtained sequences were aligned according to Chistal X algorithm (Thompson et al., 1997) using IBI Mac Vector (ver. 6.5). The genetic distances among the bumblebee species were estimated by pairwise comparison.
The phylogenetic relationships were performed using maximum-parsimony (MP) method (Fitch, 1971) and maximum-likelihood (ML) method (Felsenstein, 1981) incorporated in P* AUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony and Other M* ethod ver. 4.0b 10 Swofford, 1998) and PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package, ver. 3.57c; Felsenstein, 1995). MP analysis was performed by heuristic search using tree-bisection-reconnection (TBR) for branch-swapping algorithm, steepest descent option not in effect, stepwise addition option for starting tree, number of trees held at each step during stepwise addition for one, and initial "MaxTrees" setting for 100.
성능/효과
In this study, we provide a molecular study intending to derive an estimate of the relationships among 10 species belonging to the Tribe Bombini, consisted of six subgenera and nine species in the genus Bombus and one species of cuckoo bumblebees, Psithyrus coreanus, which are common in South Korea, using mt 16S rRNA gene.
Our phylogenetic analysis among a few species of Bombus and one species of Psithyrus resulted in the placement of P. coreanus outside from all remaining ingroup species of true bumblebees, and at the same time, forming of a very weak monoplyletic group consisted of eight species of true bumblebees belonging to Bombus (40% to support a monophyletic group of Bombus; Fig. 2A). Overall similar topology was obtained by ML analysis, although the bootstrap values supporting nodes vary (Fig.
49% (77 bp). The minimum sequence divergence was observed in a comparison between B. consobrinus wittenburgi and B. koreanus, belonging to the same subgenus Magabombus (7 bp). On the other hand, the maximum sequence divergence was observed in a comparison between P.
The sequences diversity among nine Bombus and one Psithyrus species ranged from 1.4% (7 bp) to 15.49% (77 bp). The minimum sequence divergence was observed in a comparison between B.
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