Purpose. A natural disaster negatively affects children's emotional and behavioral adjustment. The purpose of this paper was to examine the prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of PTSD after the occurrence of Typhoon Rusa. Method. 261 elementary school children living in Kimcheon, which was a devast...
Purpose. A natural disaster negatively affects children's emotional and behavioral adjustment. The purpose of this paper was to examine the prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of PTSD after the occurrence of Typhoon Rusa. Method. 261 elementary school children living in Kimcheon, which was a devastated rural area in South Korea by Typhoon Rusa, were selected. Data were collected 4 months after the disaster using the PTSD Reaction Index categories recommended by Frederick, severity of PTSD. Results. 12.3% of the children had either moderate or severe PTSD symptoms; 22.7% reported mild symptoms; and the remaining 65% had sub-clinical symptoms of PTSD. The most frequent symptom was recurrenct fear(67.0%). 13% to 17.2% of children exhibited difficulty in concentration, sleep disturbance, and guilt feeling. The regression model of severity of PTSD was composed of the level of exposure to traumatic experiences, grade in school, gender, negative coping style, and social support, and explained 34.3% for PTSD symptoms. Exposure to traumatic experiences was the strongest factor of all predictors. Conclusion. Emotional support from friends and coping style were correlated with PTSD severity. School-based interventions that emphasizes coping with disaster related problems and problem-solving may prove to be useful, and may aid in building close and supportive ties with teachers, classmates, and friends.
Purpose. A natural disaster negatively affects children's emotional and behavioral adjustment. The purpose of this paper was to examine the prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of PTSD after the occurrence of Typhoon Rusa. Method. 261 elementary school children living in Kimcheon, which was a devastated rural area in South Korea by Typhoon Rusa, were selected. Data were collected 4 months after the disaster using the PTSD Reaction Index categories recommended by Frederick, severity of PTSD. Results. 12.3% of the children had either moderate or severe PTSD symptoms; 22.7% reported mild symptoms; and the remaining 65% had sub-clinical symptoms of PTSD. The most frequent symptom was recurrenct fear(67.0%). 13% to 17.2% of children exhibited difficulty in concentration, sleep disturbance, and guilt feeling. The regression model of severity of PTSD was composed of the level of exposure to traumatic experiences, grade in school, gender, negative coping style, and social support, and explained 34.3% for PTSD symptoms. Exposure to traumatic experiences was the strongest factor of all predictors. Conclusion. Emotional support from friends and coping style were correlated with PTSD severity. School-based interventions that emphasizes coping with disaster related problems and problem-solving may prove to be useful, and may aid in building close and supportive ties with teachers, classmates, and friends.
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문제 정의
The important contribution of this study is investigation of community prevalence of PTSD and characteristics of PTSD symptoms in school-age children following a natural disaster. Beside adults, children's PTSD symptoms are associated with degree of traumatic events.
This study was done to identify the PTSD symptoms of children caused by a natural disaster and diverse factors that are related to these symptoms by examining 261 elementary school children in Kimcheon, 4 months after the disaster, Typhoon Rusa.
This study was guided by an integrated conceptual model derived from the relevant background literature. The model includes four factors that influence children s post-disaster reaction (figure 1): Exposure to traumatic events, individual characteristics of children, social supports, and children's coping skills.
제안 방법
The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for Children (RI) is a self-report measure of PTSD symptoms in children. A modified version with appropriate language for Korean elementary school-age children was used for this study.
, 1991). In this study, the Hurricane Related Traumatic Experience Questionnaire (HURTE) was modified and used to measure the case( Bahrick, 1998).
The linkage between PTSD symptoms and style of coping efforts is bi-directional as the presence of postdisaster distress contributes to the use of coping strategies as well as being influenced by them. In this study, the pattern or style of coping strategies is categorized into four types: positive, wishful thinking, avoidance and withdrawal, and blame and anger.
to the disaster itself. The 6 items pertaining to major personal loss and life disruption were included to measure PTSD symptoms (e.g., death of a family member or a pet, hospitalization of a family member, birth of a sibling).
The experiences of traumatic life events(6 items) and traumatic events related to the typhoon( 5 items) were measured using a self-report instrument with a two point Likert scale. Higher scores indicated more traumatic events.
literature. The model includes four factors that influence children s post-disaster reaction (figure 1): Exposure to traumatic events, individual characteristics of children, social supports, and children's coping skills. It assumes that each of the four factors would account uniquely for variance in PTSD symptomatology.
regressions analysis was used. The problems of muticollinearity and phenomena of auto-correlation among variables were confirmed through diagnostic test and independency test of residuals. The regression model was composed of exposure to traumatic experiences, grade in school, gender, positive coping style, negative coping style, and social support, and explained 34.
This study assessed children's perceived social support from three sources; parents, classmates, and teachers. Children who had perceived mid비e level social support (21-27 social support score) reported more symptoms than those who had perceived higher or lower levels: PTSD-RI mean score of the middle level group was 3.
It seems that the rate and severity of PTSD are influenced by the magnitude of the disaster; prior experiences of trauma and the time elapsed after the trauma. This study was performed 3 months after the devastating disaster when community response to the disaster had shifted from honeymoon phase to disillusionment phase.
대상 데이터
Participants for this study were students in elementary schools from first to sixth grade (7 to 12 years old). Participation of young students who had experienced damage by Typhoon Rusa was requested for this research.
Participants included 261 children (140 boys, 121 girls) from four elementary schools located in Kimcheon. About one third (27.
After explaining the study s purposes and procedures to the principals, school health nurse, and students of 4 elementary schools, we obtained permission for the survey. Participants were 261 students (140 boys, 121 girls).
성능/효과
Events such as the *death of a pet' , 'hospitalization of a family member , and 'separation from family' were related to the flood damage caused by the typhoon. Comparatively, the event of 'death of a pef had the highest RI mean score and in terms of RI mean score, there were significant differences in PTSD mean scores between the group experiencing a life event and the group without such experience (experience group: 5.5973.60, no experience group: 2.85±2.33, t =-5.74, p = 0.000).
In this study, more than 60% of children had mild anxieties and worries, and the range of 20.3% to 52.9% of the children had moderate intrusive and avoidance symptoms from the PTSD symptom 시usters. Furthermore, 13% to 17.
The problems of muticollinearity and phenomena of auto-correlation among variables were confirmed through diagnostic test and independency test of residuals. The regression model was composed of exposure to traumatic experiences, grade in school, gender, positive coping style, negative coping style, and social support, and explained 34.3% for PTSD symptoms. Exposure to traumatic experiences was the strongest factor of all predictors (Table 7).
후속연구
Finally, the current findings may serve as a springboard for developing a community- based program. Our results suggest that interventions extending beyond the acute phase of recovery are needed.
Thus, the results of study should be interpreted with caution, and future studies that confirm the findings related to the level of PTSD prevalence for children, and transition pattern of PTSD symptoms through longitudinal study design are recommended.
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