[논문]"위해성" 개념을 이용한 오염지역 정화 및 관리의 과학적 타당성

신원식

"위해성" 개념을 이용한 오염지역 정화 및 관리의 과학적 타당성
Scientific Feasibility on the Risk-Based Clean-up and Management of Contaminated Sites 원문보기

지하수토양환경 = Journal of soil and groundwater environment, v.12 no.1, 2007년, pp.1 - 35

초록
AI-Helper

지난 수십년 동안 토양내 수착된 오염물질이 접촉시간(contact time)이 경과함에 따라 생물학적 또는 화학적 이용성의 감소는 일반적으로 인식되어 오고 있다. 이와 같은 aging 또는 격리(sequestration)라 불리는 현상이 위해성에 직접적인 영향을 미친다는 것이 알려져 있다. 이러한 현상은 소수성 오염물질을 중심으로 보고되어 왔으나, 최근 연구결과에 의하면 중금속의 경우에도 이와 같은 현상이 발견되고 있으며, 이는 오염물질의 흡-탈착 이력(hysteresis) 현상, 비가역 흡착, 탈착저항성, 비평형 흡착 등과 직접적으로 연관된 것으로 알려지고 있다. Aging 또는 sequestration에 의한 오염물질의 생이용성(bioavailability)의 감소는 인체에 대한 실질적인 위해성의 감소를 의미한다. 최근 들어 이와 같은 과학적인 증거를 토대로 단순한 오염물질의 농도 측정이 아니라 위해성에 근거한 오염 복원(또는 관리)의 개념이 도입되어 환경친화적인 복원수준의 선정에 적용하고 있다. 이는 토양내 오염물질의 총농도가 아니라 오염물질의 생이용성 또는 독성을 기준으로 하여 정화수준을 결정함으로써 오염부지의 처리비용과 노력의 절감효과를 동시에 기대할 수 있기 때문이다. 토양내 잔류오염물질의 생이용성 또는 독성은 오염물질의 이동 또는 거동 특성에 의해 영향을 받으며 결국 생물체로의 노출 경로와 생체축적에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 본 논문에서는 토양내 오염물질의 위해성을 평가하여 토양오염복원에 적용시 과학적인 타당성에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

In the last decades, the decrease in biological or chemical availability of sorbed contaminants as contact time passed, is generally accepted. This phenomenon so called as "aging" or "sequestration" is known to directly affect risk of the contaminats. This was observed for mainly for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), but also reported for heavy metals. Aging is known to be directly related to sorption-desorption hysteresis, irreversible sorption, desorption-resistance, nonequilibrium sorption, etc. The decrease in bioavailability due to aging or sequestration indicates realistic decrease in risk potential. Recently a risk-based management concept by scientific evidences but not the simple measurement of contaminant concentration has been attempted to determine environmentally acceptable remedial endpoint. This is because selection of remedial endpoint based on not total concentration but the bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants can reduce both the treatment cost and remedial activities of the contaminated sites. The bioavailability and toxicity of the residual contaminants are highly affected by the fate and transport and also directly affect the exposure pathways and bioaccumulation of contaminants in the living biota. In this paper, scientific feasibility on the risk-based clean-up and management of contaminated sites is reviewed.

주제어

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	생이용성(bioavailability)에 관한 평가는 일반적으로 무엇을 기준으로 하는가?	일반적으로 생이용성(bioavailability)에 관한 평가는 순수화학물질이 그 자체로 생물체에 노출되는 경우를 기준으로 한다. 그러나 실제는 화학물질이 용액상태로 녹아 있는 경우가 대부분이며 또한 토양 내에 장시간 머무르면서 휘발하거나 분해되어 실제 남아있는 양은 달라질 수 있다.
	최근 토양 내 소수성 유기오염물질의 미생물에 의한 생분해를 신속하게 측정하기 위한 방법으로 사용되는것은?	최근에는 토양 내 소수성 유기오염물질의 미생물에 의한 생분해를 신속하게 측정하기 위한 방법으로 용매, 계면활성제(HPCD), Tenax, XAD, SPME 등이 사용되고 있다(Table 2).
	Bulk soil test 중 Earthworm toxicity test는 무엇인가?	Earthworm toxicity test는 토양 혹은 수중의 오염물질이 지렁이의 피부를 통해 접촉하여 흡수되거나 혹은 토양 물질을 섭취한 후의 개체수의 변화 측정이나 생체량 변화의 측정을 통해서 평가하는 방법이다. 따라서 단일물질에 의한 오염이 아닐 경우에는 여러 화학종에 따른 민감한 결과를 얻기는 어렵다.

참고문헌 (95)

김영규, 토양내 소수성 유기화합물의 흡착. 탈착거동 및 생물학 적 이용성, 경북대학교 석사학위 논문, 2002
남경필, 김재영, 2002, 생물학적 이용성과 aging이 오염토양의 정 화수준 결정에 미치는 영향, 대한환경공학회지, 24, 1975-2000

상세보기
박준형, 인산염계 화합물과 개질점토를 이용한 중금속 오염토양 의 고정화, 금오공과대학교, 석사학위논문, 2005
환경부, 토양오염 해성 평가방안 마련을 위한 연구용역: 위해성 에 근거한 토양복원전략 모색, 한국지하수토양환경학회, 2003. pp. 324
Ainsworth, C.C., Pilon, J.L., and Gassman, P.L., 1994, Cobalt, cadmium, and lead sorption to hydrous iron-oxide-residence time effect, Soil Sci. Soc. Am J., 58, 1615-1623

상세보기
Alexander, M., 2000, Ageing, bioavailability, overestimation of risk from environmental pollutants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4259-4265

상세보기
Berti, W.R. and Cunningham, S.D., 1997, In-place inactivation of Pb in Pb-contaminated soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1359- 1364

상세보기
Bonaccorsi, A., di Domenico, A., Fanelli, R., Merli, F., Vanzate, R., and Zapponi, G.A., 1984. The influence of soil particle adsorption on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin biological uptake in the rabbit. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 7, 431-434

상세보기
Bouchard, D.C., 2003, Cosolvent effects of phenanthrene sorption- desorption on a freshwater sediment, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 736-740

상세보기
Chen, M., Ma, K.Q., Singh, A.P., Cao, R.X., and Melamed, R., 2003, Field demonstration of in situ immobilization of soil Pb using P amendments, Adv. Env. Res., 8, 93-102

상세보기
Chiou, C.T. and Kile, D.E., 1998, Deviations from sorption linearity on soils of polar and nonpolar organic compounds at low relative concentrations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 338-343

상세보기
Conder, J.M. and Lanno, R.P., 2000, Evaluation of surrogate measures of cadmium, lead, and zinc bioavailability to Eisenia fetida, Chemosphere, 41, 1659-1668

상세보기
Comans, R.N.J., 1987, Adsorption, desorption and isotopic exchange of cadmium on illite-evidence for complete reversibility, Wat. Res., 21, 1573-1576

상세보기
Cornellison, G., Rigterink, H., Ferdinandy M.M.A., and van Noort, P.C.M., 1998, Rapidly desorbing fractions of PAHs in contaminated sediments as a predictor of the extent of bioremediation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 966-970

상세보기
Dasappa, S.M. and Loehr, R.C., 1991, Toxicity reduction in contaminated soil bioremediation processes, Wat. Res., 25, 1121-1130

상세보기
Davis, B.N.K., 1971, Laboratory studies on the uptake of aldrin and dieldrin by earthworms, Soil Biol. Biochem., 3, 221-233

상세보기
Decker, G.C., Bruce, W.N., and Bigger, J.H., 1965, The accumulation and dissipation of residues resulting from the use of aldrin in soils, J. Econ. Entomol., 58, 266-271

상세보기
Dzombak, D.A. and Morel, F.M.M., 1990, Surface Complexation Modeling: Hydrous Ferric Oxide, Wiley, New York
Edwards, C.A., Beck, S.D., and Lichtenstein, E.P., 1957, Bioassay of aldrin and lindane in soil, J. Econ. Entomol., 50, 622-626

상세보기
Eick, M.J., Naprstek, B.R., and Brady, P.V., 2001, Kinetics of Ni(II) sorption and desorption on kaolinite: Residence time effects, Soil Sci., 166, 11-17

상세보기
Eick, M.J., Peak, J.D., Brady, P.V., and Pesek, J.D., 1999, Kinetics of lead adsorption/desorption on goethite: Residence time effect, Soil Sci., 164, 28-39

상세보기
Ford, R.G., Scheinost, A.C., Scheckel, K.G., and Sparks, D.L., 1999, The link between clay mineral weathering and the stabilization of Ni surface precipitates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3140-3144

상세보기
Ford, R.G., Scheinost, A.C., and Sparks, D.L., 2001, Frontiers in metal sorptin/precipitation mechanism on soil mineral surfaces, Adv. Agron., 74, 41-62
Griest, W.H., Stewart, A.J., Tyndall, R.L., Caton, J.E., Ho, C.H., Ironside, K.S., Caldwell, W.M., and Tan, E., 1993, Chemical and toxicological testing of composted and explosives-contaminated soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 1105-1116

상세보기
Harper, M.P., Davidson, W., Zhang, H., and Tych, W., 1998, Kinetics of metal exchange between solids and solutions in sediments and soils interpreted from DGT measured fluxes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 2757-2770

상세보기
Hatzinger, P.B., and Alexander, M., 1995. Effect of aging of chemicals in soil on their biodegradability and extractability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 537-545

상세보기
Hettiarachchi, G.M., Pierzynski, G.M., and Ransom, M.D., 2000, In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4614-4619

상세보기
Huang, W.L., Yu. H., and Weber. W.J., 1998, Hysteresis in the sorption and desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants by soils and sediments-1. A comparative analysis of experimental protocols, J. Contam. Hydrol., 31, 129-148

상세보기
Hulzebos, E.M., Adema, D.M.M., Dirven van Breemen, E.M.L., Henzen, L., van Dis, W.A., Herbold. H.A., Hoekstra, J.A., Baerselman, R., and van Gestel. C.A.M., 1993. Phytotoxicity studies with lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in soil and nutrient solution, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 1079-1094

상세보기
Kalucheva, I. and Paskaleva, K., 1967, Electron-microscope study of micropores in certain soil type (In Bulgarian), Pochvoznanie i Arokhimiya, 2, 3-16
Kan, A.T., Fu., G., and Hunter, M.A., 1997, Irreversible adsorption of naphthalene and tetrachlorobiphenyl to Lula and surrogate sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2176-2185

상세보기
Kan, A.T., Fu, G., Hunter, M.A., Chen, W., Ward, C.H., and Tomson, M.B., 1998, Irreversible sorption of neutral hydrocarbons to sediments: Experimental observations and model predictions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 892-902

상세보기
Kottler, B.D. and Alexander, M., 2001, Relationship of properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to sequestration in soil, Env. Poll., 113, 293-298

상세보기
Krauss, M. and Wilcke, W., 2001, Biomimetic Extraction of PAHs and PCBs from Soil with octadecyl-modified silica disks to predict their availability to earthworms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3931-3935

상세보기
Krauss, M., Wilcke, W., and Zech, W., 2000, Availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to earthworms in urban Soils, Environ Sci. Technol., 34, 4335-4340

상세보기
La Force, M.J., Hansel, C.M., and Fendorf, S., 2000, Arsenic speciation, seasonal transformations, and co-distribution with iron in a mine waste-influenced palustrine emergent wetland, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3937-3943

상세보기
Lei, L., Bagchi, R., Khodadoust, A.P., Suidan, M.T., and Tabak, H.H., 2006, Bioavailability prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in field-contaminated sediment by mild extractions, J. Env. Eng., 132, 384-391

상세보기
Lei, L., Suidan, M.T., Khodadoust, A.P., and Tabak, H.H., 2004, Assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated sediment using XAD-2 assisted desorption, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1786-1793

상세보기
Li, A. and Liu, X., 2005, Combined effects of aging and cosolvents on sequestration of phenanthrene in soils, J. Env. Eng., 131, 1068-1072

상세보기
Linkov, I., Satterstrom, F.K., Kiker, G., Batchelor, C., Bridges, T., and Ferguson, E., 2006, From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management: Recent developments and applications, Environ. Int., 32, 1072- 1093

상세보기
Linz, D.G. and Nakles, D.V. (editor) 1997. Environmentally Acceptable Endpoints in Soil. American Academy of Environmental Engineers, pp. 630
Liste H. and Alexander, M., 2002, Butanol extraction to predict bioavailability of PAHs in soil, Chemosphere, 46, 1011-1017

상세보기
Lock, K. and Janssen, C.R., 2003, Influence of ageing on znc bioavailability in soils, Env. Poll., 126, 371-374

상세보기
Luan, T.G., Yu, K.S.H., Zhong, Y., Zhou, H.W., Lan, C.Y., and Tam, N.F.Y., 2006, Study of metabolites from the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments, Chemosphere, 65, 2289-2296

상세보기
Ma, Y.B. and Uren, N.C., 1998, Transformations of heavy metals added to added to soil-application of a new sequential extraction procedure, Geoderma, 84, 157-168

상세보기
Ma, Y., Lombi, E., Oliver, I.W., Nolan, A.L., and McLaughlin, M.J., 2006, Long-term aging of copper added to soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6310-6317

상세보기
Macleod, C.J.A. and Semple, K.T., 2000, Influence of contact time on extractability and degradation of pyrene in soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4952-4957

상세보기
Manilal, V.B. and Alexander, M., 1991. Factor affecting the microbial degradation of phenanthrene in soil, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35, 401-405

상세보기
Martinez, C.E. and Mcbride, M.B., 2000, Aging of coprecipitated Cu in alumina changes in structural location, chemical form, and solubility, Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 64, 1729-1736

상세보기
Mattson, A.M., Kahrs, R.A., and Murphy, R.T., 1970, Quantitative determination of triazine herbicides in soils by chemical analysis, Residue Rev., 32, 371-390

상세보기
McCall, P.J. and Agin, P.L., 1985, Desorption kinetics of picloram as affected by residence time in the soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 4, 37-44

상세보기
McCloskey, W.B. and Bayer. D.E., 1987, Thermodynamics of fluridone adsorption and desorption in three California soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51, 605-612

상세보기
McGowen, S.L., Basta, N.T., and Brown, G.O., 2000, Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 493-500

상세보기
McGroddy, S.E., Farrington, J.W., and Gschwend. P.M., 1996, Comparison of the in situ and desorption sediment-water partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 172-177

상세보기
McLaren, R.G., Backes, C.A., Rate, A.W., and Swift, R.S., 1998, Cadmium and cobalt desorption knetics from soil clays: Effect of sorption period, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 332-337

상세보기
Mingelgrin, U. and Gerstl, Z., 1993, A unified approach to the interaction of small molecules with macrospecies. In: A.J. Beck, K.C. Jones, M.H.B. Hayes, and U. Mingelgrin, eds., Organic Substances in Soil and Water: Natural Constituents and their Influence on Contaminant Behaviour, p. 102-127. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, U.K
Mossop, K.F. and Davidson, C.M., 2003, Comparison of original and modified BCR sequential extraction procedures for the fractionation of copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc in soils and sediments, Anal. Chim. Acta, 478, 111-118

상세보기
Nachtegaal, M. and Sparks, D.L., 2003, Nickel sequestration in a kaolinite-humic acid complex, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 529-534

상세보기
Northcott, G.L. and Jones. K.C., 2001, Partitioning, extractability, and formation of nonextractable PAH residues in soil. 1. Compound differences in aging and sequestration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1103-1110

상세보기
O'Reilly, S.E., Strawn, D.G., and Sparks, D.L., 2001, Residence time effect on arsenate adsorption/desorption mechanisms on goethite, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 67-77

상세보기
Opdyke, D.R. and Loehr, R.C., 1999, Determination of chemical release rates from soils: Experimental design, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1193-1199

상세보기
Opdyke, D.R. and Loehr, R.C., 1999, Statistical analysis of chemical release rates from soils, J. Soil Contam., 8, 541-558

상세보기
Oste, L.A., Dolfing, J., Ma, W.C., and Lexmond, T.M., 2001, Cadmium uptake by earthworms as related to the availability in the soil and the intestine, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 785-1791
Parrish, Z.D., Banks, M.K., and Schwab, A.P., 2005, Assessment of contaminant lability during phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon impacted soil, Env. Poll., 137, 187- 197

상세보기
Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M., Baerselman, R., de Groot, A.C., Jager, T., Posthuma, L., and Van Veen, R.P.M., 1999, Relating environmental availability to bioavailability soil-type-dependent metal accumulation in the oligochaete Eisenia andrei, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe., 44, 294-310

상세보기
Reid, B.J., Stokes, J.D., Jones, K.C., and Semple, K.T., 2000, HPCD extraction for the evaluation of PAH bioavailability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3174-3179

상세보기
Scheckel, K.G. and Sparks, D.l., 2001, Dissolution kinetics of nickel surface precipitates on clay mineral and oxide surfaces, Sol. Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 685-694

상세보기
Scheidegger, A.M. and Sparks, D.L., 1996, Kinetics of the formation and the dissolution of nickel surface precipitates on pyrophyllite, Chem. Geol., 132, 157-164

상세보기
Seaman, J.C., Arey, J.S., and Bertsch, P.M., 2001, Immobilization of nikel and other metals in contaminated sediments by hydroxyapatite addition, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 460-469

상세보기
Sparks, D.L., 2003, Environmental Soil Chemistry, Academic Press, 2nd ed., pp. 350
Steinberg, S.M., Pignatello, J.J., and Sawhney. B.L., 1987, Persistence of 1,2-dibromoethane in soils: entrapment in intraparticle micropores, Environ. Sci. Technol., 21, 1201-1208

상세보기
Strawn, D.G. and Sparks, D.L., 2000, Effects of soil organic matter on the kinetics and mechanisms of Pb(II) sorption and desorption in soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, 144-156

상세보기
Strawn, D.G., Scheidegger, A.M., and Sparks, D.L., 1998, Kinetics and mechanism of Pb(II) sorption and desorption at the aluminium oxide-water interface, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2596-2601

상세보기
Stuer-Lauridsen, F., 2005, Review of passive accumulation devices for monitoring organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment, Env. Poll., 136, 503-524

상세보기
Sun, H.W. and Li, J.G., 2005, Availability of pyrene in unaged and aged soils to earthworm uptake, butanol extraction and SFE, Water Air Soil Poll., 166, 353-365

상세보기
Symons, B.D. and Sims, R.C., 1998, Assessing detoxification of a complex hazardous waste using the microtox bioassay, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 17, 497-505

상세보기
Technical Report R1. 1992, Feasibility study for the remediatino of surface contamination at an MGP site. Draft from consulting firm, September 29
Technical Report R16a. 1994. operations report : (wood treating site). Consulting firm, April
Technical Report R16b. 1992. Treatability evaluation to determine the feasibility of in-situ flushing at a wood preserving site. Laboratory Progress Report, Consulting firm, October
Technical Report R25. 1993. Results of bench-scale biotreatability testing of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils at the petroleum products plant. Consulting firm, November
Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C., and Bisson, M., 1979, Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals, Anal. Chem., 51, 884-851

상세보기
van der Wal, L., Jager, T., Fleuren, R.H.L.J., Barendregt, A., Sinnige, T.L., Van Gestel, C.A.M., and Hermens, J.L.M., 2004, Solid-phase microextraction to predict bioavailability and accumulation of organic micropollutants in terrestrial organisms after exposure to a field-contaminated soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4842-4848

상세보기
Verbruggen, E.M.J., Vaes, W.H., Parkerton, T.F., and Hermens, J.L.M., 2000, Polyacrylate-coated SPME fibers as a tool to simulate body residues and target concentrations of complex organic mixtures for estimation of baseline toxicity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 324-331

상세보기
Vinturella, A.E., Burgess, R.M., Coull, B.A., Thompson, K.M., and Shine, J.P., 2004, Use of passive samplers to mimic uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by benthic polychaetes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1154-1160

상세보기
Vig., K., Megharaj, M., Sethunathan, N., and Naidu, R., 2003, Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: A review, Adv. Environ. Res., 8, 121-135

상세보기
Wang, X., Yu, X., and Bartha, R., 1990, Effect of bioremediation on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 1086-1089

상세보기
Weber, J.B. and Weed, S.B., 1974, Effects of soil on the biological activity of pesticides, In: W.D. Guenzi, ed., Pesticides in Soil and Water, pp. 223-253. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI, USA
Weber, W.J. and Huang. W.L., 1996, A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 4. Intraparticle heterogeneity and phase-distribution relationships under nonequilibrium conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 881-888

상세보기
Weissenfels, W.D., Klewer, H.J., and Langhoff, J., 1992, Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by soil particles: influence on biodegradability and biotoxicity, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 36, 689-696

상세보기
Wild, S.R. and Jones, K.C., 1993, Biological and abiotic losses of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soils freshly amended with sewage sludge, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 5- 12

상세보기
Williamson, D.G., Loehr, R.C., and Kimura, Y., 1998, Release of chemicals from contaminated soils, J. Soil Contam., 7, 543-558

상세보기
Wood, W.W., Kraemer, T.F., and Hearn, P.P.Jr., 1990, Intragranular diffusion: an important mechanism influencing solute transport in clastic aquifers, Science, 247, 1569-1572

상세보기
Xing, B.S. and Pignatello. J.J., 1996, Time-dependent isotherm shape of organic compounds in soil organic matter: Implications for sorption mechanism, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 1282-1288

상세보기
You, J., Landrum, P.F., and Lydy, M.J., 2006, Comparison of chemical approaches for assessing bioavailability of sedimentassociated contaminants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6348-6353

상세보기
Zhang, H., Davison, W., Miller, S., and Tych, W., 1995, In situ high resolution measurements of fluxes of Ni, Cu, Fe, and Mn and concentrations of Zn and Cd in porewaters by DGT, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 4181-4192

상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증