We placed and monitored 2,137 nest boxes to determine how the size of the entrance hole and the box placement influenced nest box selection by secondary cavity-nesting birds and to derive recommendations for the use of nest boxes for management of cavity-nesting birds in forested environments. A tot...
We placed and monitored 2,137 nest boxes to determine how the size of the entrance hole and the box placement influenced nest box selection by secondary cavity-nesting birds and to derive recommendations for the use of nest boxes for management of cavity-nesting birds in forested environments. A total of 566 pairs of seven bird species used the nest boxes from 1997 to 2006, 562 of which were secondary cavity-nesters. Sympatric tits such as varied tits (Parus varius), great tits (P. major), and marsh tits (P. palustris) were common breeding birds in nest boxes, and showed clear preferences for 4.0 cm, 3.5 cm and 3.0 cm nest holes, respectively. Tree sparrows (Passer montanus) and Eurasian nuthatches (Sitta europaea) preferred 4 cm and 3.5 cm holes, respectively. We did not detect selection for the directional orientation for the entrance hole, but the birds appeared to avoid nest boxes that faced steep or gentle upward slopes and those less than 1.8 m from the ground. These results are probably related to avoidance of disturbance and predation. We suggest that diverse species can be supported by the placement of nest boxes with entrance holes of various sizes and that specific species can be targeted by selecting the hole sizes preferred by those species. To attract secondary cavity-nesters, managers should avoid placing nest boxes close to the ground and facing hills. This study also suggests that careful selection and placement of nest boxes is needed to avoid biases in research using nest boxes.
We placed and monitored 2,137 nest boxes to determine how the size of the entrance hole and the box placement influenced nest box selection by secondary cavity-nesting birds and to derive recommendations for the use of nest boxes for management of cavity-nesting birds in forested environments. A total of 566 pairs of seven bird species used the nest boxes from 1997 to 2006, 562 of which were secondary cavity-nesters. Sympatric tits such as varied tits (Parus varius), great tits (P. major), and marsh tits (P. palustris) were common breeding birds in nest boxes, and showed clear preferences for 4.0 cm, 3.5 cm and 3.0 cm nest holes, respectively. Tree sparrows (Passer montanus) and Eurasian nuthatches (Sitta europaea) preferred 4 cm and 3.5 cm holes, respectively. We did not detect selection for the directional orientation for the entrance hole, but the birds appeared to avoid nest boxes that faced steep or gentle upward slopes and those less than 1.8 m from the ground. These results are probably related to avoidance of disturbance and predation. We suggest that diverse species can be supported by the placement of nest boxes with entrance holes of various sizes and that specific species can be targeted by selecting the hole sizes preferred by those species. To attract secondary cavity-nesters, managers should avoid placing nest boxes close to the ground and facing hills. This study also suggests that careful selection and placement of nest boxes is needed to avoid biases in research using nest boxes.
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We also measured the size and orientation of the entrance hole, the height of the nest boxes and the angle of inclination of the land on which the nest box was placed. The entrance orientation was measured using a hand-held compass and the measured orientations were grouped into eight categories (North 337.5° ~022, 5°, Northeast 022.5° ~067, 5°, East 067.5° ~112.5°, Southeast 112.5。~157.5。South 157.5。~202, 5。, Southwest 202.5°—247.5°, West 247.5°~292.5° and Northwest 292.5° ~337.5°), The height of the entrance hole was measured using a tape measure and the resulting measurements were grouped into six categories ranging from 1.0 m to 3.4 m above the ground at intervals of 40 cm. The angle of inclination was categorized as steep (>50°), gentle (30。~49。), slight (10 ~29。)and flat (<10°),
We focused on the orientation of the entrance, the height of the nest box, the inclination of terrain around the nest box and, most of all, on the preferred size of an entrance hole. The objectives of this study are (1) to determine how the entrance hole and nest box placement influences nest box selection by secondary cavity-nesting birds, (2) to produce a general guide for effective nest box placement, and (3) to derive a set of guidelines for management of secondary cavity-nesters applicable to forested environments in Korea.
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3). The mean diameter of the entrance holes was 3.76 ±0.41 cm for varied tits (P. varius: h=201), 3.52 士 0.41 cm for great tits (P. major: n=197), 3.06 ± 0.16 cm for marsh tits (P. palustris: ^=143), and 3.73 ±0.32 cm for tree sparrows (P. montanus: "드 15). The mean and preferred sizes of the entrance holes increased as the body mass of these three tits increased (Fig.
In this study, cavity-nesting birds selected nest boxes at random with regard to orientation ((Table 2, «=504, df=7, 1.223, p=0.9904) and showed no preference for any specific orientation (Fig. 5; 0.2>PI> -0.2). However, they showed moderate avoidance (PI=T).
In this study, marsh tits, great tits and varied tits showed clear preference for 3.0 cm, 3.5 cm and 4.0 cm holes respectively, although they are sympatric and closely-related species. This suggests that their nesting niches differ due to adaptation, competition and niche partitioning.
7981). The breeding birds' selection of nest boxes placed at different heights differed significantly from chance (Table 4; 用 =599, 0仁5, 니 5.104, p=o0099), and they apparently avoided nest boxes placed lower than 1.8 m above ground (Fig. 7; 1.0 m~1.4 m: PI=-0.235; 1.4 1.8 m: PI=-0.313).
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