사람들은 미각을 통해 음식물의 영양분과 안전성 여부를 파악하고, 이를 통해 식욕이 자극되고 만족되므로 미각은 음식물을 섭취하는데 필수적인 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 미각이 상실되거나 왜곡된 환자들의 경우 섭식 양상에 변화를 일으켜 건강에 나쁜 영향을 미치게 될 수 있다. 미각 기능에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요소는 매우 다양하며 미각의 장애 양상 또한 매우 다양하게 나타날 수 있다. 하지만 미각은 주관적인 감각으로 다른 감각들과는 달리 객관적으로 평가하기가 까다로우며, 맛을 느끼는데 있어서 미각뿐 아니라 후각, 촉각, 온도감각, 심리 상태 등 여러 다른 요소들의 영향을 받으므로 미각 이상을 나타내는 환자들을 진단하고 치료하는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 그러므로 실제 임상적 상황에서 미각장애의 평가를 위해서는 무엇 보다도 신중하고 철저한 병력청취와 임상적 증상의 분석을 통하여 환자의 상태를 정확히 평가하는 것이 가장 중요하다. 미각은 시각이나 청각과 같은 다른 감각에 비해 그 동안 주목을 받아오지 못한 분야였으나, 사회가 발달함에 따라 삶의 질을 중시하게 됨으로써 최근 미각 장애로 내원하는 환자가 증가하는 추세이다. 본 연구의 목적은 미각 장애를 주소로 내원한 환자들의 임상적 특성을 분석하는 것이다. 미각 장애를 주소로 2005년 11월부터 2008년 8월까지 서울대학교 치과병원 구강내과에 내원한 환자 50명(남 12명, 여 38명, 평균 연령 $53.6\;{\pm}\;14.7$ 세)을 대상으로 하였다. 상담을 통하여 현재 미각 장애의 증상과 관련된 사항들과 그 밖의 의과적 치과적 병력, 투약, 미각 장애 외의 구강 증상들에 대하여 조사하였으며, 구강 검진, 설문지 작성, 방사선 사진 촬영, 혈액검사, 타액분비율 측정 검사 등의 임상적 검사를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 미각 장애 환자들 중 구강 점막의 통증 혹은 작열감을 호소한 환자가 36명(72%)이었다. 이들 중 구강점막에 특별한 병소를 보이지 않는 구강작열감증후군으로 진단된 환자는 18명(36%)이었다. 2. 전체 환자들 중 19명(38%)의 환자가 주관적 구강건조감을 호소하였으며, 타액분비율 측정 결과 비자극시 타액분비율이 0.1 mL/min 이하인 환자는 14명(28%)이었고, 자극시 타액분비율이 0.5 mL/min 이하인 환자는 17명(34%)이었다. 3. 미각 장애의 종류로는 미각감소(hypogeusia)가 25명(50%)으로 가장 많았으며, 미각왜곡(dysgeusia)이 18명(36%), 환상미 각 (phantogeusia)이 15명(30%), 미각과민(hypergeusia)이 10명(20%), 미각상실(ageusia)이 5명(10%) 이었다. 전체 50명 중 19명(38%)의 환자가 두 가지 이상의 미각 장애의 종류를 나타내었으며, 가장 많은 조합은 미각왜곡과 미각감소를 같이 보이는 경우였다. 4. 미각 장애의 원인이나 관련요인은 병력조사와 임상검사를 토대로 평가하였으며, 구강점막질환이나 원인불명인 경우가 각각 9명(18%)으로 가장 많았다. 그 밖에 심인성이 8명(16%), 약물이 7명(14%), 구강건조증이 6명(12%)으로 나타났으며, 이 5가지의 항목이 전체의 78%를 차지하였다.
사람들은 미각을 통해 음식물의 영양분과 안전성 여부를 파악하고, 이를 통해 식욕이 자극되고 만족되므로 미각은 음식물을 섭취하는데 필수적인 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 미각이 상실되거나 왜곡된 환자들의 경우 섭식 양상에 변화를 일으켜 건강에 나쁜 영향을 미치게 될 수 있다. 미각 기능에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요소는 매우 다양하며 미각의 장애 양상 또한 매우 다양하게 나타날 수 있다. 하지만 미각은 주관적인 감각으로 다른 감각들과는 달리 객관적으로 평가하기가 까다로우며, 맛을 느끼는데 있어서 미각뿐 아니라 후각, 촉각, 온도감각, 심리 상태 등 여러 다른 요소들의 영향을 받으므로 미각 이상을 나타내는 환자들을 진단하고 치료하는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 그러므로 실제 임상적 상황에서 미각장애의 평가를 위해서는 무엇 보다도 신중하고 철저한 병력청취와 임상적 증상의 분석을 통하여 환자의 상태를 정확히 평가하는 것이 가장 중요하다. 미각은 시각이나 청각과 같은 다른 감각에 비해 그 동안 주목을 받아오지 못한 분야였으나, 사회가 발달함에 따라 삶의 질을 중시하게 됨으로써 최근 미각 장애로 내원하는 환자가 증가하는 추세이다. 본 연구의 목적은 미각 장애를 주소로 내원한 환자들의 임상적 특성을 분석하는 것이다. 미각 장애를 주소로 2005년 11월부터 2008년 8월까지 서울대학교 치과병원 구강내과에 내원한 환자 50명(남 12명, 여 38명, 평균 연령 $53.6\;{\pm}\;14.7$ 세)을 대상으로 하였다. 상담을 통하여 현재 미각 장애의 증상과 관련된 사항들과 그 밖의 의과적 치과적 병력, 투약, 미각 장애 외의 구강 증상들에 대하여 조사하였으며, 구강 검진, 설문지 작성, 방사선 사진 촬영, 혈액검사, 타액분비율 측정 검사 등의 임상적 검사를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 미각 장애 환자들 중 구강 점막의 통증 혹은 작열감을 호소한 환자가 36명(72%)이었다. 이들 중 구강점막에 특별한 병소를 보이지 않는 구강작열감증후군으로 진단된 환자는 18명(36%)이었다. 2. 전체 환자들 중 19명(38%)의 환자가 주관적 구강건조감을 호소하였으며, 타액분비율 측정 결과 비자극시 타액분비율이 0.1 mL/min 이하인 환자는 14명(28%)이었고, 자극시 타액분비율이 0.5 mL/min 이하인 환자는 17명(34%)이었다. 3. 미각 장애의 종류로는 미각감소(hypogeusia)가 25명(50%)으로 가장 많았으며, 미각왜곡(dysgeusia)이 18명(36%), 환상미 각 (phantogeusia)이 15명(30%), 미각과민(hypergeusia)이 10명(20%), 미각상실(ageusia)이 5명(10%) 이었다. 전체 50명 중 19명(38%)의 환자가 두 가지 이상의 미각 장애의 종류를 나타내었으며, 가장 많은 조합은 미각왜곡과 미각감소를 같이 보이는 경우였다. 4. 미각 장애의 원인이나 관련요인은 병력조사와 임상검사를 토대로 평가하였으며, 구강점막질환이나 원인불명인 경우가 각각 9명(18%)으로 가장 많았다. 그 밖에 심인성이 8명(16%), 약물이 7명(14%), 구강건조증이 6명(12%)으로 나타났으며, 이 5가지의 항목이 전체의 78%를 차지하였다.
There is tremendous variability in the ways patients present with taste problems. Because of complex and multifactorial etiological background, it is not simple to evaluate patients with taste disorders. Accurate assessment of patients' status by prudent, thorough history taking and symptom analysis...
There is tremendous variability in the ways patients present with taste problems. Because of complex and multifactorial etiological background, it is not simple to evaluate patients with taste disorders. Accurate assessment of patients' status by prudent, thorough history taking and symptom analysis is the most essential for exact diagnosis of taste disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with taste problems as a primary complaint. Consecutive series of 50 patients (12 males and 38 females, mean age $53.6\;{\pm}\;14.7$ years) were included for the present study. All subjects were requested to complete a comprehensive questionnaire. Clinical evaluation procedures included oral examination, interview, questionnaire analysis, panoramic radiography, blood test and measurement of salivary flow rate. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Among the patients, 36 patients (72%) complained of oral mucosal pain or burning sensation. Of these patients, 18 patients (36%) were diagnosed as burning mouth syndrome. 2. Nineteen patients (38%) complained of subjective oral dryness. The flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva was less than 0.1 mL/min in 14 patients (28%) and 17 (34%) had a stimulated whole salivary flow rate of less than 0.5 mL/min. 3. Among the types of taste disorders, hypogeusia, the most frequently reported, was found in 25 patients (50%), dysgeusia in 18 patients (36%), phantogeusia in 15 patients (30%), hypergeusia in 10 patients (20%), and ageusia in 5 patients (10%). Nineteen patients (38%) reported more than one type of taste disorder and the most frequent combination was dysgeusia + hypogeusia (n=6, 12%). 4. Based on data from the medical and dental histories and examinations, the patients were assigned to 12 probable causal categories. Taste disorders due to oral mucosal diseases and idiopathic taste disorder were the most frequent (n=9; 18%, each), followed by psychogenic taste disorder (n=8; 16%), drug-induced taste disorder (n=7; 14%), and taste disorder due to dry mouth (n=6; 12%). These 5 categories of taste disorder accounted for 78% of all cases in this study.
There is tremendous variability in the ways patients present with taste problems. Because of complex and multifactorial etiological background, it is not simple to evaluate patients with taste disorders. Accurate assessment of patients' status by prudent, thorough history taking and symptom analysis is the most essential for exact diagnosis of taste disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with taste problems as a primary complaint. Consecutive series of 50 patients (12 males and 38 females, mean age $53.6\;{\pm}\;14.7$ years) were included for the present study. All subjects were requested to complete a comprehensive questionnaire. Clinical evaluation procedures included oral examination, interview, questionnaire analysis, panoramic radiography, blood test and measurement of salivary flow rate. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Among the patients, 36 patients (72%) complained of oral mucosal pain or burning sensation. Of these patients, 18 patients (36%) were diagnosed as burning mouth syndrome. 2. Nineteen patients (38%) complained of subjective oral dryness. The flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva was less than 0.1 mL/min in 14 patients (28%) and 17 (34%) had a stimulated whole salivary flow rate of less than 0.5 mL/min. 3. Among the types of taste disorders, hypogeusia, the most frequently reported, was found in 25 patients (50%), dysgeusia in 18 patients (36%), phantogeusia in 15 patients (30%), hypergeusia in 10 patients (20%), and ageusia in 5 patients (10%). Nineteen patients (38%) reported more than one type of taste disorder and the most frequent combination was dysgeusia + hypogeusia (n=6, 12%). 4. Based on data from the medical and dental histories and examinations, the patients were assigned to 12 probable causal categories. Taste disorders due to oral mucosal diseases and idiopathic taste disorder were the most frequent (n=9; 18%, each), followed by psychogenic taste disorder (n=8; 16%), drug-induced taste disorder (n=7; 14%), and taste disorder due to dry mouth (n=6; 12%). These 5 categories of taste disorder accounted for 78% of all cases in this study.
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문제 정의
However, there has been insufficient research about clinical symptoms and characteristics of the patients with taste problems, with only a limited number of clinical case studies published. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients complaining of taste problems as a primary complaint.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with perceived taste disorders.
제안 방법
Clinical evaluation procedures included oral examination, interview, questionnaire analysis, panoramic radiography, blood test, and measurement of salivary flow rate. Patient interview was performed to get information about not only clinical history (e.
Laboratory tests were done to evaluate any possible systemic conditions affecting taste sensation such as liver failure, uremia, diabetes, decreased serum zinc level. The tests included complete blood counts with leukocyte differential counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood glucose, liver function tests (total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol), kidney function tests (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), calcium, phosphorus, zinc and magnesium levels.
Laboratory tests were done to evaluate any possible systemic conditions affecting taste sensation such as liver failure, uremia, diabetes, decreased serum zinc level. The tests included complete blood counts with leukocyte differential counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood glucose, liver function tests (total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol), kidney function tests (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), calcium, phosphorus, zinc and magnesium levels.
On the initial visit to the clinic, each patient was asked to fill out a questionnaire. The questionnaire, modified version of the Smell and Taste Center Questionnaire used at the University of Pennsylvania, comprised four sections: 1, General information (questions regarding demographics, referral source, and drinking and eating habits); 2, Medical history (listing of major illnesses and injuries, hospital admissions, medications taken in the year prior to and since symptom onset); 3, Smell symptoms (questions concerning problems with the sense of smell, general nasal health and abnormal nasal sensations, including nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea); 4, Taste symptoms (questions related to problems with the sense of taste, general oral health, and abnormal oral sensation).
The system used to classify taste disorders in this study was based on the types of gustatory complaints according to the questionnaire and interview. The term ageusia is used for complete loss of taste, hypogeusia for diminished sense of taste, hypergeusia for enhanced gustatory sensitivity, dysgeusia for distorted taste perception, and phantogeusia for persistent abnormal taste sensation in the absence of taste stimulation.
대상 데이터
The study population consisted of patients who consecutively visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Seoul National University Dental Hospital with the complaining of taste problems as a chief complaint during the past three years (from November 2005 to August 2008). Finally 50 patients were included for the present study.
The study population consisted of patients who consecutively visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Seoul National University Dental Hospital with the complaining of taste problems as a chief complaint during the past three years (from November 2005 to August 2008). Finally 50 patients were included for the present study. The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Hospital (#CRI08018)
Consecutive series of 50 patients (12 males and 38 females, a male:female ratio of 1:3.2, mean age 53.6 ± 14.7 years) were included for the present study (Table 1).
성능/효과
3. Among the types of taste disorders, hypogeusia, the most frequently reported, was found in 25 patients (50%), dysgeusia in 18 patients (36%), phantogeusia in 15 patients (30%), hypergeusia in 10 patients (20%), and ageusia in 5 patients (10%). Nineteen patients (38%) reported more than one type of taste disorder and the most frequent combination was dysgeusia + hypogeusia (n=6, 12%).
In case of bitter and metallic tastes, the percentage of patients that did not claim any change held the largest proportion. A total of 11 patients (22%) claimed a stronger bitter taste than usual which accounted for the largest proportion of all increased case of taste perception.
In this study, it turned out that hypogeusia, half the cases of the patients, was the most general type among the 5 taste disorders. This result was also reflected in the fact that in each taste dimension there had been more patients with weaker change.
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