미국 노년층의 의복의 자아 근접성, 나이 정체성, 자아실현 사이의 상호연관성 분석 Exploratory Correlation Analysis among Age Identity, Proximity of Clothing to Self, and Self-Actualization for Older Persons in the United States원문보기
Lee(2007)의 연구에서 노년들의 의복에 대한 자아 근접성은 그들의 자아실현에 직접적인 긍정적 영향을 미친다고 가설하였으나 가설과는 반대의 부정적 영향을 미치며 나이 정체성이 자아실현에 직접적인 영향을 주지 않는다는 결과를 얻었다. 이 세 변수들 사이의 연관성은 이전의 연구들에서 많이 다루어지지 않았기에 Lee(2007)의 연구결과의 타당성을 입증하기위한 부가 연구가 필요하여졌다. 이 논문은 Lee(2007)의 연구결과를 심도 있게 이해하기 위하여 노년층의 의복에 대한 자아 근접성, 나이 정체성, 자아실현 사이의 상호 연관성을 분석하였다. 세 변수와 노인들의 나이와 성별을 묻는 설문지를 미국 전역 50개 주의 1,700명의 노인들에게 배포하여 195명으로부터 응답을 받았다. 미국 인구 통계청의 연령 구분 체계에 따라 설문지에 응답한 노인들을 세 분류의 나이(65세와 74세 사이, 75세와 84세 사이, 85세와 그 이상)로 구분지어 연구결과를 분석하였다. 이 연구는 노인들의 나이 정체성은 나이 85세 이상의 노인들을 제외하고는 의복의 자아 근접성과 그다지 상호 연관성이 많지 않음을 입증 하였다. 이 결과는 자아실현을 달성하지 못한 노인들은 의복을 자아실현을 위한 하나의 도구로 사용 할 수 있다고도 해석되어 질 수 있다. 세변수들의 상호 연관성 분석은 75세와 84세 사이의 노인들은 나머지 두 연령층의 노인들(65세와 74세 사이, 85세와 그 이상)과 상당히 다름을 입증하였다. 이는 75세와 84세 사이의 노인들이 다른 나이층의 노년들 보다 더 많은 심리적 과도기를 거치고 있음일 수도 있다. 이 연구결과를 통하여 노년층이라 구분지어지는 연령대가 높아져 간다는 것이 입증되어 졌으며 과거 50세를 넘긴 이들이 자신들을 노년층이라 생각 하였었다면 이제는 노인들 자신들도 그들을 더 이상 노인으로 구분 짖는 기준선이 적어도 미국에서는 불명확해 지고 있음이 보인다. 자아실현 변수는 의류학 분야에서는 이제까지 상당히 추상적으로만 사용되어져 왔고 측정도구로는 많이 상용화 되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 이 글에서 제시하는 자아실현의 세부 변수들을 토대로 의복과의 상호 관련 연구들이 앞으로 더 체계적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.
Lee(2007)의 연구에서 노년들의 의복에 대한 자아 근접성은 그들의 자아실현에 직접적인 긍정적 영향을 미친다고 가설하였으나 가설과는 반대의 부정적 영향을 미치며 나이 정체성이 자아실현에 직접적인 영향을 주지 않는다는 결과를 얻었다. 이 세 변수들 사이의 연관성은 이전의 연구들에서 많이 다루어지지 않았기에 Lee(2007)의 연구결과의 타당성을 입증하기위한 부가 연구가 필요하여졌다. 이 논문은 Lee(2007)의 연구결과를 심도 있게 이해하기 위하여 노년층의 의복에 대한 자아 근접성, 나이 정체성, 자아실현 사이의 상호 연관성을 분석하였다. 세 변수와 노인들의 나이와 성별을 묻는 설문지를 미국 전역 50개 주의 1,700명의 노인들에게 배포하여 195명으로부터 응답을 받았다. 미국 인구 통계청의 연령 구분 체계에 따라 설문지에 응답한 노인들을 세 분류의 나이(65세와 74세 사이, 75세와 84세 사이, 85세와 그 이상)로 구분지어 연구결과를 분석하였다. 이 연구는 노인들의 나이 정체성은 나이 85세 이상의 노인들을 제외하고는 의복의 자아 근접성과 그다지 상호 연관성이 많지 않음을 입증 하였다. 이 결과는 자아실현을 달성하지 못한 노인들은 의복을 자아실현을 위한 하나의 도구로 사용 할 수 있다고도 해석되어 질 수 있다. 세변수들의 상호 연관성 분석은 75세와 84세 사이의 노인들은 나머지 두 연령층의 노인들(65세와 74세 사이, 85세와 그 이상)과 상당히 다름을 입증하였다. 이는 75세와 84세 사이의 노인들이 다른 나이층의 노년들 보다 더 많은 심리적 과도기를 거치고 있음일 수도 있다. 이 연구결과를 통하여 노년층이라 구분지어지는 연령대가 높아져 간다는 것이 입증되어 졌으며 과거 50세를 넘긴 이들이 자신들을 노년층이라 생각 하였었다면 이제는 노인들 자신들도 그들을 더 이상 노인으로 구분 짖는 기준선이 적어도 미국에서는 불명확해 지고 있음이 보인다. 자아실현 변수는 의류학 분야에서는 이제까지 상당히 추상적으로만 사용되어져 왔고 측정도구로는 많이 상용화 되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 이 글에서 제시하는 자아실현의 세부 변수들을 토대로 의복과의 상호 관련 연구들이 앞으로 더 체계적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.
This large-scale research project contributes to the theory development in the importance of clothing to the self and in the way that older persons might age successfully by fulfilling the need for self-actualization by incorporating a primary resource environment, such as clothing into their self-s...
This large-scale research project contributes to the theory development in the importance of clothing to the self and in the way that older persons might age successfully by fulfilling the need for self-actualization by incorporating a primary resource environment, such as clothing into their self-system. This paper presents one research objective from a lager project that explores the correlations among the Proximity of Clothing to Self (PCS), age identity (subjective or perceived age), and self-actualization (the highest level of human needs). A mail survey design was applied to this study. In November 2004, two questionnaires, Clothing: A Resource for Successful Aging? (to measure PCS, age identity, and demographic variables) and Personal Orientation Inventory (to measure self-actualization), were sent to 1,700 older persons in the U.S. and 195 completed usable questionnaires were returned (12% response rate). This research discovered that the age identity of older persons did not relate with PCS except for those 85 years and over. There were negative correlations among subscales of PCS and self-actualization. This result can be interpreted as that an older person who has not met the highest level of needs yet, can use clothing as a facilitator or need satisfier to meet a higher level of Self-Actualization (SA). Correlation analyses also revealed that older persons in the age category of 75 to 84 years were different from those in the category of 65 to 74 years and 85 years and over. This result implies that older persons in this age category are undergoing more psychological transitions than those in other categories. Further research is necessary to explore the relationship of several SA subscales with various clothing variables such as clothing interest, clothing involvement, or clothing satisfaction.
This large-scale research project contributes to the theory development in the importance of clothing to the self and in the way that older persons might age successfully by fulfilling the need for self-actualization by incorporating a primary resource environment, such as clothing into their self-system. This paper presents one research objective from a lager project that explores the correlations among the Proximity of Clothing to Self (PCS), age identity (subjective or perceived age), and self-actualization (the highest level of human needs). A mail survey design was applied to this study. In November 2004, two questionnaires, Clothing: A Resource for Successful Aging? (to measure PCS, age identity, and demographic variables) and Personal Orientation Inventory (to measure self-actualization), were sent to 1,700 older persons in the U.S. and 195 completed usable questionnaires were returned (12% response rate). This research discovered that the age identity of older persons did not relate with PCS except for those 85 years and over. There were negative correlations among subscales of PCS and self-actualization. This result can be interpreted as that an older person who has not met the highest level of needs yet, can use clothing as a facilitator or need satisfier to meet a higher level of Self-Actualization (SA). Correlation analyses also revealed that older persons in the age category of 75 to 84 years were different from those in the category of 65 to 74 years and 85 years and over. This result implies that older persons in this age category are undergoing more psychological transitions than those in other categories. Further research is necessary to explore the relationship of several SA subscales with various clothing variables such as clothing interest, clothing involvement, or clothing satisfaction.
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문제 정의
Such a person was able to tie the past and the future to the present in meaningful continuity; appeared to be less burdened by guilt, regrets, and resentments from the past than was the non-self-actualizing person, and aspirations were tied in a meaningful way to present working goals. Based on this theoretical ground, this researcher wanted to observe whether older persons who were highly self-actualized might have a similar age identity to their chronological age and then this similar age identity might contribute to their satisfaction with life.
, path analysis) also need to be completed to understand direct or indirect causal relationships among these variables. In terms of an empirical approach, the benefit of this research lies in the possibilities for older persons to use clothing as a resource to maintain or improve their daily activities or lives.
The purpose of a large research project was to contribute to theory development in the importance of clothing to the self and in the way that older persons might age successfully by fulfilling the need for selfactualization by incorporating a primary resource environment, i.e., clothing, into their self-system. Lee (2007) investigated only direct impacts of the PCS on overall self-actualization and of overall self-actualization on age identity.
This research focused on exploring correlations among Proximity of Clothing to Self (PCS), Age Identity (AI), and Self-Actualization (SA). Correlation analysis among subscales of each construct supported the negative path effect of PCS on SA.
Clothing is one human environmental resource and can be used to meet various levels of needs for older persons; however, still little is known about the meaning of clothing to themselves and the way to use clothing to meet older persons' various levels of needs. This research pays attention to this unexplored area so it can demonstrate the way that clothing can be a facilitator of their various daily activities to age successfully, especially with regard to role which the psychological aspects of successful aging plays in self-system.
This study explored social/psychological aspects of older persons' lives using psychological variables (i.e., PCS, age identity, self-actualization).
제안 방법
The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) is the only instrument published which claims to measure self-actualization (Shostrom, 1987). Consisting of 150 two-choice comparative value judgments, the test measures 12 elements of self-actualization. All items are to be scored twice: first, for the two basic scales of time-competence (TC; 23 items) and inner-directedness (I; 127 items); and second, for the 10 subscales.
Following a pretest of the questionnaires with 15 older persons, a mail survey was conducted by sending to the 1,700 older persons along with a cover letter explaining the purpose of the study and informed consent procedures, two questionnaires (i.e., Clothing: A Resource for Successful Aging? questionnaire and Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) with a computer scoring sheet), and a business reply envelope in late November, 2004. The above two questionnaires were used to measure the variables such as age identity, PCS, demographic characteristics (i.
Each respondent is asked to rate his/her self-perceived age status by specifying the absolute chronological age that most closely matches the way he/she feels, looks, acts, and thinks. The scoring of the scale used a decade-matching format (i.e., 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, 90s).
This paper explores correlations among proximity of clothing to self, age identity, and self-actualization to explain a few hypotheses that were rejected or had a reverse effect (i.e., negative rather than positive) of one variable on the other in Lee's study (2007).
대상 데이터
The 195 usable survey respondents were from 45 states among the 50 states in the U.S. The respondent's age range was from 65 to 94 years old having a mean age of 76.
이론/모형
The validated, 19-item PCS Scale for older persons (Lee & Sontag, 2007) was used in this correlation analysis and included the three dimensions as clothing in relation to (1) self as structure – process, (2) self-esteem – evaluative and affective processes, and (3) body image and body cathexis.
성능/효과
Correlation analysis among subscales of each construct supported the negative path effect of PCS on SA. Correlation analysis of the two major SA scales and overall SA were significantly, negatively correlated with all three PCS subscales only for the 75 to 84 year group. These findings bring awareness that older persons within this age category were different from those in the age category of 65 to 74 years and 85 years and over.
For the ten SA subscales across the three age categories, extistentiality, spontaneity, and self-acceptance had significantly negative correlations with all three PCS subscales for the age category of 75 to 84 years. Correlation analyses between each indicator of AI and the PCS subscales revealed that the look item of AI and PCS Dimension 1 was negatively correlated for those 85 years and over.
For the ten SA subscales and the three age categories, no significant correlation was found between the PCS subscales and the following SA subscales: selfactualizing value, self-regard, nature of man, synergy, acceptance of aggression, and feeling reactivity. The SA subscales, existentiality, spontaneity, and selfacceptance had significantly negative correlations with all three PCS subscales for the age category of 75 to 84 years. Self-acceptance also had significant correlations with PCS Dimensions 1 and Dimension 2 for those 85 years and over.
후속연구
For different target subjects, specific SA subscales may perform differently; thus a researcher can select the best performing SA subscales when he or she conducts new research. Further in-depth research is necessary to explore the relationship of these SA subscales with various clothing variables such as clothing interest, clothing importance, clothing involvement, or clothing satisfaction. [Table 5] summarizes the SA subscales that have negative correlations with AI and PCS for older persons to provide a reference for future research.
, PCS, age identity, self-actualization). Further research should be conducted to explore relationships among PCS, different levels of human needs (i.e., safety, selfesteem, belonging) and psychological well-being for this older group. In addition, another study with a similar age group of this study needs to be conducted to obtain more generalizable research results and further advance statistical analyses (i.
, safety, selfesteem, belonging) and psychological well-being for this older group. In addition, another study with a similar age group of this study needs to be conducted to obtain more generalizable research results and further advance statistical analyses (i.e., path analysis) also need to be completed to understand direct or indirect causal relationships among these variables. In terms of an empirical approach, the benefit of this research lies in the possibilities for older persons to use clothing as a resource to maintain or improve their daily activities or lives.
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