[논문]시용 유기물을 달리한 토양에서 미생물 군락의 효소활성과 기능적 다양성의 계절적 변화

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시용 유기물을 달리한 토양에서 미생물 군락의 효소활성과 기능적 다양성의 계절적 변화
Seasonal Dynamics of Enzymetic Activities and Functional Diversity in Soils under Different Organic Managements 원문보기

韓國土壤肥料學會誌 = Korean journal of soil science & fertilizer, v.42 no.4, 2009년, pp.307 - 316

초록
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토양 개량을 위해 시용하는 유기물은 종류에 따라서 토양미생물 활성과 다양성에 미치는 영향을 다르며 그 효과는 계절적인 영향을 크게 받는다. 도시 가로수 폐기물 퇴비, 가금류 분뇨, 귀리와 레드 클로버의 피복작물이 토양 효소활성과 토양 미생물의 생리적 군락(CLPP) 특성에 미치는 영향을 미국 미주리 주의 사양토에서 조사하였다. 이들 토양 조사 항목들의 계절적 변화 패턴을 조사하기 위해서 2년간 봄부터 가을까지 토양을 매년 5회 채취하였다. 나무 폐기물 퇴비는 시용 3달 후부터 탈수소효소의 활성을 증가시키기 시작하였다. fluorescein diacetate (FDA) 수화도는 첫 해의 9월부터 증가하기 시작했으나 그 이후 변화가 심하였다. 탈수수효소의 활성은 FDA 소화도에 비하여 토양 유기물의 량이나 특성에 더 직접적으로 반응하였다. 반면에 FDA 수화도나 CLPP는 일반적으로 유기물의 구성 성분에 반응하였고, 효소활성과 CLPP 모두 계절에 따른 변화가 심하였다. 계절에 따른 변화는 유기물과 토양 수분함량의 차이에 기인한 것으로 보였다. 도시 가로수 폐기물 퇴비는 일반적인 토양 미생물 활성을 증가시키는데 효과적이었고 녹비는 토양 미생물 군락의 다양성을 변화시키는데 효과적이었다. 그리고 토양 미생물 활성과 다양성은 계절적 변화가 심하고 그 정도는 시용하는 유기물의 종류에 따라서 차이가 있으므로 토양의 미생물 특성을 조사할 때에는 작물의 재배기간 동안 여러 번 실시할 필요가 있다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Soil microbial activity and diversity are affected by organic sources applied to improve soil quality and fluctuate seasonally. We investigated the effects of municipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), and cover crops of spring oats and red clover (RC) on soil enzyme activities, and soil bacterial community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) in a Mexico silt loam in North Central Missouri, USA. Temporal patterns of these parameters were observed by periodic five soil sampling from spring to fall over a two year period. MC increased soil dehydrogenase (DH) activity consistently beginning about three months after MC application; fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity significantly began to increase by the September of the first year but fluctuated during the following period. DH activity responded more directly to the amount or properties of organic residues in soils while FDA hydrolysis and CLPP were generally influenced by composition of organic sources, and enzyme activities and CLPP showed seasonal variation, which depended on organic sources and soil moisture. MC and cover crops may be useful organic sources for enhancing general soil microbial activity and altering soil microbial diversity, respectively. Because microbial activities and diversity are dynamic and subject to seasonal changes, the effects of organic amendments on these parameters should be investigated frequently during a growing season.

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문제 정의

The objective of this research was to determine seasonal effects of various organic amendments and cover crops on soil enzyme activities and microbial functional diversity.

제안 방법

A randomized complete block design was used with three replicate blocks, and individual plots were approximately 36 m2. Each block consisted of five treatments comprising a non-amended control, municipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), spring oats (Avena sativa), and red clover (RC) (Trifolium pratense). Soils not treated with cover crops were planted to soybeans.

대상 데이터

The soil was a Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aeric Vrtic Epiaqualfs). A randomized complete block design was used with three replicate blocks, and individual plots were approximately 36 m2. Each block consisted of five treatments comprising a non-amended control, municipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), spring oats (Avena sativa), and red clover (RC) (Trifolium pratense).
This study was conducted at the University of Missouri Bradford Research Center (38° 53' N, 92° 12' W) in North Central Missouri during 2001 to 2002. The soil was a Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aeric Vrtic Epiaqualfs).

데이터처리

Orthogonal contrasts with MANOVA were performed for the principal components which explained over 80% for the CLPP analysis. Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were calculated to observe the relation between soil parameters. All significance tests were performed with P < 0.

이론/모형

Soil pH was determined using 1:1 soil/water ratio. Extractable soil P was measured using the Bray P-1 test. Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K were extracted by 1 M NH₄OAc (pH = 7.

성능/효과

The changes caused by organic management could be broadly related to changes in soil organic matter content, decomposition stage, and nutritional composition of cover crops and organic amendments. Our results also suggest that elements of caution and a multifaceted approach are required when interpreting data on changes in microbial activity and diversity in agricultural soil, because measures of microbial activity with enzymes are variable with the enzyme properties and soil conditions and soil microbial diversity measured by the Biolog™, method is likely to provide only a limited picture of the response of soil microbial communities to environmental or land-use change.
The MANOVA test for principal components that explained more than 80% of the total variation in PCA was performed for each sampling date. The results showed significant differences between organic sources only in August and September of 2001, in which soils under oats were separated from all other soils and RC was separated from control in August and September 2001. MC- treated soils were separated from the control in September 2001.
MC- treated soils were separated from the control in September 2001. These results indicated that oats, MC, and RC changed microbial functional diversity, with oats being most effective, but the effects on functional diversity were very limited and variable within seasons, and changes were not maintained across years. PL did not affect soil microbial functional diversity based on CLPP (Table 1).
These results show that dehydrogenase activity responded more to overall soil microbial activity dependent on total SOM while FDA hydrolytic activity is more constant regardless of newly-added organic matter because dehydrogenase is endo-enzyme and FDA hydrolytic enzymes make complexes with organic matter, especially humus C (Chakrabarti and2006). These results suggest that DH activity shows early soil microbial activity or soil organic matter content after addition of organic matter in soil and respond more to the quantity of organic amendments, and FDA hydrolytic activity represent late soil microbial activity or SOM content recalcitrant to decomposition and respond more to the composition of organic amendments. These contrasting results between two enzymes are similar to those reported by Shi et al.

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