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가설 설정
- 1)Data expressed as cocoa proanthocyanidin equivalents.
제안 방법
- An analytical Hewlet Packard 1100 series HPLC (Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an autosampler, binary HPLC pump and UV/VIS detector was used for HPLC/MS analysis. Flavonols were separated using the HPLC conditions described above with detection at 360 nm.
- The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of each fraction of pine needle extracts was measured using the method of Prior et al. (27) modified for use with a FLUOstar Optima microplate reader (BMG Labtechnologies, Durham, NC, USA). Soluble-F, Bound-E, and Bound-W pine needle extracts were diluted 50,000, 5,000, 5,000-fold, respectively, with 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.
대상 데이터
- Pine needle trees were purchased from Forest Farm (Williams, OR, USA), and included four species of Pinus (P. densiflora, P. sylvestris, P. pinaster, P. pinea) and two species of Strobus (P. koraiensis and P. strobus). The growth periods of all six species were 2, 4, 2, 2, 3, and 3 years, respectively, and the plant heights were 47, 70, 142, 60, 78, and 52 cm, respectively.
이론/모형
- Pine needles extracts and fractions were prepared by the method of Sun et al. (20). A flow chart of the extraction process used to isolate soluble free (Soluble-F), bound ethyl acetate (Bound-E) and bound water (Bound-W) fractions from various pine needles is shown in Fig.
- Results are expressed as mg/g dry weight. Total flavonoids in the fractions were analyzed by the method of Eum et al. (24). Naringin was used as standard with results expressed as mg/g dry weight.
- Total phenolics in the fractions were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent according to the method of Slinkard and Singleton (23) with gallic acid as a standard. Results are expressed as mg/g dry weight.
성능/효과
- Rats fed a high fat diet plus pine needle extract supplement for 4 weeks demonstrated reduced weight gain and reduced serum and liver lipids (19). According to the determination of total phenolics, including both soluble free and bound forms from 80% acetone in common fruits, cranberry, had the highest soluble free phenolic content, followed by apple, red grape, strawberry, lemon, peach, orange, banana, pear, and pineapple. Pineapple had the highest bound phenolic content (20).
- Among all pine needles analyzed, P. strobus had the highest Soluble-F phenolic content (157.1±2.0 mg/g), followed by P. pinea (99.1±0.7 mg/g), P. koraiensis (64.3±0.4 mg/g), P. sylvestris (60.1±1.0 mg/g), P. densiflora (52.2±0.7 mg/g), and P. pinaster (40.0±1.0 mg/g).
- Among all the pine needles analyzed, P. strobus had the highest Soluble-F flavonoid content (16.3±0.8 mg/g), followed by P. sylvestris (14.4±0.4 mg/g), P. pinea (12.6±0.5 mg/g), P. koraiensis (11.0±0.3 mg/g), P. densiflora (8.4±0.8 mg/g), and P. pinaster (7.5±0.2 mg/g).
- P. pinaster had the highest Bound-E flavonoid content (6.6±0.5 mg/g), followed by P. pinea (4.7±0.6 mg/g), P. sylvestris (3.8±0.5 mg/g), P. strobus (3.6±0.1 m/g), P. densiflora (3.4±0.5 mg/g), and P. koraiensis (3.3±0.8 mg/g).
- P. strobus had the highest Bound-W antioxidant activity (81.3±2.4 µmole Trolox/g), followed by P. pinaster (60.2±7.1 µmole Trolox/g), P. sylvestris (59.3±4.0 µmole Trolox/g), P. densiflora (55.3±2.8 µmole Trolox/g), P. pinea (39.7±5.5 µmole Trolox/g), and P. koraiensis (32.0±4.5 µmole Trolox/g).
- P. strobus had the highest total antioxidant (Soluble-F＋Bound-E＋Bound-W) capacity (1386.8±10.5 µmole Trolox/g), followed by P. pinea (1012.1±40.3 µmole Trolox/g), P. sylvestris (710.7±31.7 µmole Trolox/g), P. pinaster (667.0±43.4 µmole Trolox/g), P. densiflora (582.7 ±31.1 µmole Trolox/g), and P. koraiensis (545.6±11.4 µmole Trolox/g).
- P. strobus had the highest total flavonoid (Soluble-F＋Bound-E＋Bound-W) content (21.3±1.0 mg/g), followed by P. sylvestris (19.2±1.0 mg/g), P. pinea (17.7±0.4 mg/g), P. pinaster (16.6±0.70 mg/g), P. koraiensis (14.9±0.4 mg/g), and P. densiflora (12.4±0.6 mg/g).
- P. strobus had the highest total phenolic (Soluble-F＋Bound-E＋Bound-W) content (163.8±2.1 mg/g), followed by P. pinea (103.9±0.4 mg/g), P. koraiensis (70.0±0.4 mg/g), P. sylvestris (65.3±1.1 mg/g), P. densiflora (58.3±0.7 mg/g), and P. pinaster (49.8±1.0 mg/g).
후속연구
- In a recent study, kaempferol was reported to be an effective inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 enzymes, an important step in cancer chemoprevention (29). Due to an abundance of kaempferol glycosides, pine needle extracts appear to be an excellent candidate for further study involving chemopreventive properties.
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