[논문]Investigation of Leakage Characteristics of Straight and Stepped Labyrinth Seals

Kim, Tong-Seop; Kang, Soo-Young

doi:10.5293/ijfms.2010.3.3.253

Investigation of Leakage Characteristics of Straight and Stepped Labyrinth Seals 원문보기

International journal of fluid machinery and systems, v.3 no.3, 2010년, pp.253 - 259

Kim, Tong-Seop (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University) , Kang, Soo-Young (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Leakage characteristics of two labyrinth seals with different configurations (straight vs stepped) were investigated. Leakage flows were predicted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the two configurations and compared with test data. A semi-analytical leakage prediction tool was also tried to predict the leakage. It was confirmed that the CFD gives quite good agreements with test data. The analytical tool also yielded similar leakage behaviors with test results, but the overall agreement with test data was not as good as that of the CFD. The effect of flow direction in the stepped seal on leakage flow was examined. The dependence of leakage performance, in terms of flow function, on the seal clearance size was investigated. Flow function decreased with decreasing clearance in the straight seal, while the trend was reversed in the stepped seal.

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문제 정의

This study aimed to investigate the leakage characteristics difference between straight and stepped labyrinth seals. Two labyrinth seals were selected and their leakage flows were predicted by both the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a semianalytical leakage prediction tool.

제안 방법

Computational fluid dynamics calculation was applied to labyrinth seals. Its validity was checked and leakage characteristics of straight and stepped seals were comparatively analyzed. The results are summarized as follows.
The KTK model provided reasonable accuracy for stepped seals but underestimated the leakage for straight seals. Overall, the CFD seems to be more accurate in predicting leakage flow for both the straight and stepped seals analyzed in this study. In the three teeth straight seal, the flow function at a given pressure ratio decreases as the clearance becomes smaller: sealing performance in terms of non-dimensional flow enhances as the clearance gets smaller at a fixed pressure ratio across the seal.
They established the model based on a vast amount of available solid seal data. The data are diverse in terms of seal configuration (straight and stepped), clearance size, number of teeth, flow direction for stepped seals (converged and diverged). Performance of each tooth (or cavity) is stacked to produce overall seal performance of a multi-cavity seal.
The model was coded as a computational program [13]. The model dealt with three loss mechanisms inside a seal separately; contraction, venturi and friction, and partial or full expansion. The total pressure loss for a flow passing through a tooth was calculated as follows by summing up the three loss components.
The prediction accuracy was validated with test data. Then, leakage performance was investigated with varying major design parameters: pressure ratio, clearance, number of teeth, and flow direction (for the stepped seal only). Leakage performance characteristics of the two configurations were compared.
This study aimed to investigate the leakage characteristics difference between straight and stepped labyrinth seals. Two labyrinth seals were selected and their leakage flows were predicted by both the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a semianalytical leakage prediction tool. The prediction accuracy was validated with test data.

후속연구

As a careful summary of the relevant works on stepped seals including this study, we can conclude that in the stepped seal, the flow function in general tends to increase with decreasing clearance size for a fixed pressure ratio across the seal but the exact trend seems to be dependent upon design parameters such as the number of teeth. Further studies, either experimental or numerical, would be necessary to get a more general conclusion on the clearance dependence of the stepped seal.

참고문헌 (14)

Vermes, G., 1961, “A Fluid Mechanics Approach to the Labyrinth Seal Leakage Problem,” ASME J. of Engineering for Power, April, pp. 161-169.
Stocker, H. L., Cox, D. M. and Holle, G. F., 1977, “Aerodynamic Performance of Conventional and Advanced Design Labyrinth Seals with Solid-Smooth, Abradable, and Honeycomb Lands,” NASA CR-135307.
Stocker, H. L., 1978, “Determining and Improving Labyrinth Seal Performance in Current and Advanced High Performance Gas Turbines,” AGARD Conference Proceedings 237, Paper 13.
Tipton, D. L., Scott, T. E. and Vogel, R. E., 1986, Labyrinth Seal Analysis ？ Vol. III: Analytical and Experimental Development of a Design Model for Labyrinth Seals, AFWAL-TR-85-2103, Vol. III.
Zimmermann, H. and Wolff, K. H., 1998, “Air System Correlations, Part 1: Labyrinth Seals,” ASME paper 98-GT-206.
Wittig, S., Schelling U., Jacobsen, K. and Kim, S., 1987, “Numerical Predictions and Measurements of Discharge Coefficients in Labyrinth Seals,” ASME paper 87-GT-188.
Schramm, V., Willenborg, K., Kim, S. and Wittig, S., 2000, “Influence of a Honeycomb Facing on the Flow Through a Stepped Labyrinth Seal,” ASME paper 2000-GT-0291.
Soemarwoto, B. I., Kok, J. C., de Cock, K. M. J., Kloosterman, A. B. and Kool, G. A., 2007, “Performance Evaluation of Gas Turbine Labyrinth Seals Using Computational Fluid Dynamics,” ASME paper GT2007-27905.
Kim, T. S., Kang, Y. and Moon, H. K., 2008, “Aerodynamic Performance of Double-Sided Labyrinth Seals,” Proc. of the 4th Int. Symposium on Fluid Machinery and Fluid Engineering, Beijing, China, pp. 377-381.
Kim, T. S. and Cha, K. S., 2009, “Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Labyrinth Seal Configuration on Leakage Behavior,” J of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol. 23, pp. 2830-2838.

원문보기 상세보기
Waschka, W., Wittig, S. and Kim, S., 1992, “Influence of High Rotational Speeds on the Heat Transfer and Discharge Coefficients in Labyrinth Seals,” ASME J. of Turbomachinery, Vol. 114, pp. 462-468.

상세보기
CD-adapco, 2007, STAR-CCM+, ver. 2.07.
Chupp, R. E., Holle, G. and Scott, T. E., 1986, Labyrinth Seal Analysis ？ Vol. IV: User’s Manual for the Labyrinth Seal Design Model, AFWAL-TR-85-2103, Vol. IV.
Kang, Y., Kim, T. S., Kang, S. Y. and Moon, H. K., 2010, Aerodynamic Performance of Stepped Labyrinth Seals for Gas Turbine Applications, ASME paper GT2010-23256.

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Investigation of Leakage Characteristics of Straight and Stepped Labyrinth Seals 원문보기

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Investigation of Leakage Characteristics of Straight and Stepped Labyrinth Seals 원문보기

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