Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the enhancing effect of iontophoresis method as it transdermally deliver methylene blue (MB) using visual examination, in terms of penetration depth and tissue distribution in the skin, and to determine the effect of application duration on the...
Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the enhancing effect of iontophoresis method as it transdermally deliver methylene blue (MB) using visual examination, in terms of penetration depth and tissue distribution in the skin, and to determine the effect of application duration on the efficacy of iontophoresis. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-minute groups. These rats were exposed to either topical or anodic iontophoresis of 1% MB using a direct current of $0.5mA/cm^2$ for 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes. Using cryosections of rat tissues, the penetration depth of MB was measured using light microscopy. Results: Significant differences in the penetration depth (F=54.20, p<0.001) were detected among the four groups. Post hoc comparisons of the penetration depth of MB data pooled across groups showed no significant difference between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group, but did reveal a significant difference in the penetration depth between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group versus 10-minute group, between the 10-minute and 20-minute group, and between the 20-minute and 40-minute iontophoresis group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that iontophoresis enhances transdermal delivery of MB across stratum corneum of skin barrier by visual examination. Furthermore, the penetration depth of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of MB was dependent on the application duration. The duration of iontophoresis is one of the important factor in the efficacy of iontophoresis application.
Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the enhancing effect of iontophoresis method as it transdermally deliver methylene blue (MB) using visual examination, in terms of penetration depth and tissue distribution in the skin, and to determine the effect of application duration on the efficacy of iontophoresis. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-minute groups. These rats were exposed to either topical or anodic iontophoresis of 1% MB using a direct current of $0.5mA/cm^2$ for 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes. Using cryosections of rat tissues, the penetration depth of MB was measured using light microscopy. Results: Significant differences in the penetration depth (F=54.20, p<0.001) were detected among the four groups. Post hoc comparisons of the penetration depth of MB data pooled across groups showed no significant difference between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group, but did reveal a significant difference in the penetration depth between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group versus 10-minute group, between the 10-minute and 20-minute group, and between the 20-minute and 40-minute iontophoresis group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that iontophoresis enhances transdermal delivery of MB across stratum corneum of skin barrier by visual examination. Furthermore, the penetration depth of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of MB was dependent on the application duration. The duration of iontophoresis is one of the important factor in the efficacy of iontophoresis application.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
5 cm) soaked in 600 ㎕ of 1% MB solution, was placed on the left and right side of the low back. The active electrode was placed on the left side in the iontophoresis of MB, and an anodal current of 3.2 mA(0.5 mA/cm2) was applied for 5, 10, 20 and 40 minutes to the four groups using a direct current generator, respectively(Endomed 982, Enraf-Nonius, Netherlands). In the topical application of MB, the active electrode was placed on the right side of low back and maintained for 5, 10, 20 and 40 minutes groups without electricity.
The effect of iontophoresis is largely based on the penetration, distribution and concentration of ionic drugs in the target tissues and there are few published studies that investigate the exact penetration depth of iontophoresis by visual examination under a microscope. The purposes of this study, therefore, were to determine whether the microscopic visual examination could be useful method to observe the penetration depth and ion distribution by iontophoresis and to determine the enhancing effect of iontophoresis and the efficacy of application duration of iontophoresis as it transdermally deliver methylene blue (MB) into the tissue.
3 g were used, and utmost adherence to the principles of laboratory animal care was observed in this study. The rats were randomly divided into 5-, 10-, 20- and 40- minute groups (n=6 for each group). These rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine HCl (75 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg).
To compare the differences among the four groups in terms of penetration depth, amount of tissue concentration and transported MB in tissues, a one-way analysis of variance was used. To determine intergroup differences, Duncan multiple range test was used.
대상 데이터
The samples were embedded on a metal disk using embedding matrix (Tissue Tek, Sakura Finetechnical Co., Ltd., Japan) and an instant freezing aerosol (Lip Freeze, L.I.P. Ltd., UK), then cut into 7 μm thickness serial sections at -20°C using a cryotome (Shandon, Thermo Electron Corporation, USA).
Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (270.0±2.3 g were used, and utmost adherence to the principles of laboratory animal care was observed in this study.
데이터처리
To compare the differences among the four groups in terms of penetration depth, amount of tissue concentration and transported MB in tissues, a one-way analysis of variance was used. To determine intergroup differences, Duncan multiple range test was used. Statistical differences were considered to be significant at 0.
성능/효과
2. The amount of transdermal transport into the skin revealed significant differences among the groups (F=85.10, p<0.001).
2. The significant differences in the penetration depth was detected among the groups (F=54.20, p<0.001).
2. The significant differences in the tissue concentration was detected among the groups (F=56.01, p<0.001).
It appeared to be darker in the epidermis, in the surrounding hair follicles and fibroblasts due to its affinity to the nucleic acid present inkeratinocytes, follicular epithelial cells and fibroblasts during its migration by iontophoresis. The results indicate that MB migrated across corneocyte and intercelluar space of stratumcorneum, and into the dermis by entering the more permeable pilocebaceous epithelial cells.
참고문헌 (24)
Otberg N, Patzelt A, Rasulev U et al. The role of hair follicles in the percutaneous absorption of caffeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65(4):488-492.
Tanner T, Marks R. Delivering drugs by the transdermal route: review and comment. Skin Res Technol. 2008;14(3):249-260.
Groen D, Poole DS, Gooris GS, Bouwstra JA. Investigating the barrier function of skin lipid models with varying compositions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2011;79(2):334-342.
Torin Huzil J, Sivaloganathan S, Kohandel M, Foldvari M. Drug delivery through the skin: molecular simulations of barrier lipids to design more effective noninvasive dermal and transdermal delivery systems for small molecules, biologics, and cosmetics. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2011;3(5):449-462.
Rizwan M, Aqil M, Talegaonkar S, Azeem A, Sultana Y, Ali A. Enhanced transdermal drug delivery techniques: an extensive review of patents. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2009; 3(2):105-124.
Nanda A, Nanda S, Ghilzai NM. Current developments using emerging transdermal technologies in physical enhancement methods. Curr Drug Deliv. 2006;3(3):233-242.
Dixit N, Bali V, Baboota S, Ahuja A, Ali J. Iontophoresis - an approach for controlled drug delivery: a review. Curr Drug Deliv. 2007;4(1):1-10.
Singh P, Roberts MS. Iontophoretic transdermal delivery of salicylic acid and lidocaine to local subcutaneous structures. J Pharm Sci. 1993;82(2):127-131.
Mathy FX, Lombry C, Verbeeck RK et al. Study of the percutaneous penetration of flurbiprofen by cutaneous and subcutaneous microdialysis after iontophoretic delivery in rat. J Pharm Sci. 2005;94(1):144-152.
Sintov AC, Brandys-Sitton R. Facilitated skin penetration of lidocaine: combination of a short-term iontophoresis and microemulsion formulation. Int J Pharm. 2006;316(1-2): 58-67.
Glass JM, Stephen RL, Jacobson SC. The quantity and distribution of radiolabeled dexamethasone delivered to tissue by iontophoresis. Int J Dermatol. 1980;19(9):519-525.
Alvarez-Roman R, Naik A, Kalia YN et al. Visualization of skin penetration using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2004;58(2):301-316.
Fatouros DG, Groenink HW, de Graaff AM et al. Visualization studies of human skin in vitro/in vivo under the influence of an electrical field. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006;29(2):160-170.
Molokhia SA, Jeong EK, Higuchi WI et al. Examination of penetration routes and distribution of ionic permeants during and after transscleral iontophoresis with magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Pharm. 2007;335(1-2):46-53.
Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Inman AO. Determination of lidocaine concentrations in skin after transdermal iontophoresis: effects of vasoactive drugs. Pharm Res. 1992; 9(2):211-214.
Bjerring P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Depth and duration of skin analgesia to needle insertion after topical application of EMLA cream. Br J Anaesth. 1990;64(2):173-177.
Ashburn MA, Gauthier M, Love G et al. Iontophoretic administration of 2% lidocaine HCl and 1:100,000 epinephrine in humans. Clin J Pain. 1997; 13(1):22-26.
Johnson PG, Gallo SA, Hui SW et al. A pulsed electric field enhances cutaneous delivery of methylene blue in excised full-thickness porcine skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;111(3): 457-463.
Abla N, Naik A, Guy RH et al. Effect of charge and molecular weight on transdermal peptide delivery by iontophoresis. Pharm Res. 2005;22(12):2069-2078.
Anderson CR, Morris RL, Boeh SD et al. Effects of iontophoresis current magnitude and duration on dexamethasone deposition and localized drug retention. Phys Ther. 2003;83(2):161-170.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.