젖소에서 쌍태분만이 산후질병 발생, 도태 및 번식능력에 미치는 영향과 쌍태 위험 요인 Effects of Twin Birth on the Occurrence of Postpartum Disorders, Culling and Reproductive Performance, and its Risk Factors in Dairy Cows원문보기
젖소에서 쌍태분만이 이후의 산후질병 발생, 도태, 번식능력에 대한 영향과 쌍태분만에 대한 위험요인을 조사하였다. 9개 목장 1,717 분만축의 번식, 위생 및 분만관련 상세 자료가 분석에 이용되었다. 쌍태 분만율은 3.4%였으며, 임신기간은 쌍태분만 시에 단태분만 시에 비해 9일 단축되었다($270.6{\pm}2.0$ vs. $279.5{\pm}0.2$일, P < 0.01). 쌍태분만 시가 후산정체(47.5 vs. 16.0%), 대사성질병(18.6 vs. 3.8%) 및 자궁내막염의 발생(62.7 vs. 28.2%)뿐만 아니라 도태율(32.2 vs. 16.5%)이 단태분만 시에 비해 현저하게 증가되었다(P < 0.01). 쌍태분만은 분만으로부터 임신까지의 간격에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 분만계절이 영향을 미쳤는데, 즉 봄에 분만 시가 겨울에 분만 시에 비해 임신율이 감소되었으며(AHR = 0.80; P = 0.01), 또한 자궁내막염의 발생이 임신율의 감소를 초래하였다(AHR = 0.46, P < 0.01). 로지스틱 분석은 산차의 증가(P < 0.01)와 수태 전 번식호르몬의 사용(OR = 1.84, P < 0.05)이 쌍태분만의 위험요인임을 나타내었다. 결론적으로, 젖소에서 쌍태분만은 산후질병 발생과 도태의 증가에 의한 심한 경제적 손실을 초래하므로, 쌍태분만에 대한 적절한 관리 및 고산차 소 및 번식호르몬 사용에 대한 적절한 통제를 통한 위험요인을 감소시키는 것이 요구된다.
젖소에서 쌍태분만이 이후의 산후질병 발생, 도태, 번식능력에 대한 영향과 쌍태분만에 대한 위험요인을 조사하였다. 9개 목장 1,717 분만축의 번식, 위생 및 분만관련 상세 자료가 분석에 이용되었다. 쌍태 분만율은 3.4%였으며, 임신기간은 쌍태분만 시에 단태분만 시에 비해 9일 단축되었다($270.6{\pm}2.0$ vs. $279.5{\pm}0.2$일, P < 0.01). 쌍태분만 시가 후산정체(47.5 vs. 16.0%), 대사성질병(18.6 vs. 3.8%) 및 자궁내막염의 발생(62.7 vs. 28.2%)뿐만 아니라 도태율(32.2 vs. 16.5%)이 단태분만 시에 비해 현저하게 증가되었다(P < 0.01). 쌍태분만은 분만으로부터 임신까지의 간격에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 분만계절이 영향을 미쳤는데, 즉 봄에 분만 시가 겨울에 분만 시에 비해 임신율이 감소되었으며(AHR = 0.80; P = 0.01), 또한 자궁내막염의 발생이 임신율의 감소를 초래하였다(AHR = 0.46, P < 0.01). 로지스틱 분석은 산차의 증가(P < 0.01)와 수태 전 번식호르몬의 사용(OR = 1.84, P < 0.05)이 쌍태분만의 위험요인임을 나타내었다. 결론적으로, 젖소에서 쌍태분만은 산후질병 발생과 도태의 증가에 의한 심한 경제적 손실을 초래하므로, 쌍태분만에 대한 적절한 관리 및 고산차 소 및 번식호르몬 사용에 대한 적절한 통제를 통한 위험요인을 감소시키는 것이 요구된다.
This study determined the effects of twin birth on subsequent postpartum disorders, culling and reproductive performance, and its risk factors in dairy cows. Detailed data related to reproduction, health, and calving events, including dates of artificial insemination (AI) and calving, hormonal treat...
This study determined the effects of twin birth on subsequent postpartum disorders, culling and reproductive performance, and its risk factors in dairy cows. Detailed data related to reproduction, health, and calving events, including dates of artificial insemination (AI) and calving, hormonal treatment prior to conception, cow parity, twin birth, retained placenta, metabolic disorders, and endometritis were collected from 1,717 individual calvings on 9 dairy farms. The incidence rate of twin birth was 3.4%. Gestation length was shorter in cows with twin birth ($270.6{\pm}2.0$ days) than cows giving birth to singletons ($279.5{\pm}0.2$ days, P < 0.01). The incidence of retained placenta (47.5 vs. 16.0%), metabolic disorders (18.6 vs. 3.8%) endometritis (62.7 vs. 28.2%), and culling rate (32.2 vs. 16.5%) was greater in cows with twin birth than in cows giving birth to singletons, respectively (P < 0.01). The hazard of pregnancy (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR) by 210 days in milk analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model was affected by calving season, in that the rate of pregnancy for cows calved during spring was less than for cows calved during winter (AHR = 0.80; P = 0.01); this was also true for endometritis (AHR = 0.46, P < 0.01). AHR was not affected by twin birth. Logistic analysis demonstrated that increasing the cow parity (P < 0.01) and hormonal treatment prior to conception (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 1.84, P < 0.05) increased the risk of twin birth. These results demonstrate that twin births are responsible for severe economic losses through the increased occurrence of postpartum disorders and culling; thus, appropriate management for the deleterious impact of twin birth, and/or reducing the risk factors by herd control regarding cow parity and the use of reproductive hormones prior to conception might be necessary.
This study determined the effects of twin birth on subsequent postpartum disorders, culling and reproductive performance, and its risk factors in dairy cows. Detailed data related to reproduction, health, and calving events, including dates of artificial insemination (AI) and calving, hormonal treatment prior to conception, cow parity, twin birth, retained placenta, metabolic disorders, and endometritis were collected from 1,717 individual calvings on 9 dairy farms. The incidence rate of twin birth was 3.4%. Gestation length was shorter in cows with twin birth ($270.6{\pm}2.0$ days) than cows giving birth to singletons ($279.5{\pm}0.2$ days, P < 0.01). The incidence of retained placenta (47.5 vs. 16.0%), metabolic disorders (18.6 vs. 3.8%) endometritis (62.7 vs. 28.2%), and culling rate (32.2 vs. 16.5%) was greater in cows with twin birth than in cows giving birth to singletons, respectively (P < 0.01). The hazard of pregnancy (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR) by 210 days in milk analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model was affected by calving season, in that the rate of pregnancy for cows calved during spring was less than for cows calved during winter (AHR = 0.80; P = 0.01); this was also true for endometritis (AHR = 0.46, P < 0.01). AHR was not affected by twin birth. Logistic analysis demonstrated that increasing the cow parity (P < 0.01) and hormonal treatment prior to conception (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 1.84, P < 0.05) increased the risk of twin birth. These results demonstrate that twin births are responsible for severe economic losses through the increased occurrence of postpartum disorders and culling; thus, appropriate management for the deleterious impact of twin birth, and/or reducing the risk factors by herd control regarding cow parity and the use of reproductive hormones prior to conception might be necessary.
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문제 정의
Identifying the risk factors for twin birth and its impact on the subsequent animal health and fertility from different continents in diverse environments may enable veterinarians and farmers to obtain profitable prevention and management practices. Therefore, the principal objective of this study was to determine the impact of twin birth on subsequent postpartum disorders, culling, and reproductive performance and its risk factors in dairy herds.
제안 방법
For statistical analysis in this study, cow parity was categorized into parity values of 1, 2, 3 or 4 ≤, and calving /conception season was grouped as spring (March to May), summer (June to August), fall (September to November) and winter (December to February).
In addition, a herd reproductive management program including synchronization of estrus using PGF2α (Lutalyse®, Phamacia & Upjohn, Belgium), or ovulation using PGF2α and GnRH (Fertagyl, Intervet, Netherland) with or without internal drug-release device containing 1.9 g of progesterone (CIDRTM, InterAg, Hamilton, New Zealand) was administered.
Statistical analysis of gestation length was carried out using the general linear models procedure. The model included cow parity, calving season, and twin birth. Categorical data, which included the incidence of retained placenta, metabolic disorders and endometritis, and culling were compared via Chisquare test between cows with twin birth and cows with a singleton.
The risk factors for twin birth were analyzed via logistic regression using the LOGISTIC procedure. The model included farm, cow parity, season of conception, hormonal treatment prior to conception, and interactions between cow parity and hormonal treatment, and season of conception and hormonal treatment. In the model, a backward stepwise regression was employed and the elimination was carried out in accordance with Wald’s statistical criterion, in which P > 0.
대상 데이터
This study was performed on 9 dairy farms located in the Chungbuk Province. All herds contained 50 or more cows, and all the cows were milked twice daily, maintained in free-stall facilities, and fed a total mixed ration.
데이터처리
In the model, a backward stepwise regression was employed and the elimination was carried out in accordance with Wald’s statistical criterion, in which P > 0.11.
이론/모형
The variables used in the Cox model were farm, cow parity, calving season, twin birth and endometritis. Proportionality was evaluated via Kaplan-Meier curves. The median days to pregnancy were obtained via survival analysis from the Kaplan-Meier model using the LIFETEST procedure.
Statistical analysis of gestation length was carried out using the general linear models procedure. The model included cow parity, calving season, and twin birth.
The effect of twin birth on the hazard of pregnancy (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR) by 210 days in milk (DIM) was analyzed by Cox’s proportional hazard model using the PHREG procedure.
Proportionality was evaluated via Kaplan-Meier curves. The median days to pregnancy were obtained via survival analysis from the Kaplan-Meier model using the LIFETEST procedure. The survival plot was generated using the survival option of MedCalc version 11.
1 for Windows (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). The risk factors for twin birth were analyzed via logistic regression using the LOGISTIC procedure. The model included farm, cow parity, season of conception, hormonal treatment prior to conception, and interactions between cow parity and hormonal treatment, and season of conception and hormonal treatment.
성능/효과
The incidence of retained placenta (47.5 vs. 16.0%), metabolic disorders (18.6 vs. 3.8%) and endometritis (62.7 vs. 28.2%) was greater in cows with twin birth than cows with a singleton, respectively (P < 0.01).
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