Scoliosis can be biomechanically described as a three dimensional deformity of the spine, with deviations from the physiologic curves in the sagittal and frontal planes, usually combined with intervertebral rotation. Various factors are suspected such as genetic defects, uneven growth of the vertebr...
Scoliosis can be biomechanically described as a three dimensional deformity of the spine, with deviations from the physiologic curves in the sagittal and frontal planes, usually combined with intervertebral rotation. Various factors are suspected such as genetic defects, uneven growth of the vertebrae, hormonal effects, abnormal muscular activity, postural problems, or a mix of some of these elements, but its initial cause is known in only 15-20% cases. The screening test for diagnosing scoliosis is called the Adams Forward Bend Test. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to bend over, with arms dangling, until a curve could be observed. The Scoliometer was placed on the back of the subjects and used to measure the difference between the left and right apex of the curve in the thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar area. Then, the subjects were asked to perform Maximum Voluntary Contractions (MVCs) using the digital back muscle dynamometer in three different postures: (1) 0o (sagittally symmetric); (2) 30o from the mid-sagittal plane (clockwise); and (3) 30o from the mid-sagittal plane (counterclockwise). In addition to the experimental data, subject-dependent variables including Body Mass Index (BMI), percentage of body fat and muscle mass of left/right arms and legs were employed to reveal the cause of difference among three MVC conditions. All those variables were tested using statistical methods.
Scoliosis can be biomechanically described as a three dimensional deformity of the spine, with deviations from the physiologic curves in the sagittal and frontal planes, usually combined with intervertebral rotation. Various factors are suspected such as genetic defects, uneven growth of the vertebrae, hormonal effects, abnormal muscular activity, postural problems, or a mix of some of these elements, but its initial cause is known in only 15-20% cases. The screening test for diagnosing scoliosis is called the Adams Forward Bend Test. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to bend over, with arms dangling, until a curve could be observed. The Scoliometer was placed on the back of the subjects and used to measure the difference between the left and right apex of the curve in the thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar area. Then, the subjects were asked to perform Maximum Voluntary Contractions (MVCs) using the digital back muscle dynamometer in three different postures: (1) 0o (sagittally symmetric); (2) 30o from the mid-sagittal plane (clockwise); and (3) 30o from the mid-sagittal plane (counterclockwise). In addition to the experimental data, subject-dependent variables including Body Mass Index (BMI), percentage of body fat and muscle mass of left/right arms and legs were employed to reveal the cause of difference among three MVC conditions. All those variables were tested using statistical methods.
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문제 정의
The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of scoliosis on the asymmetric lifting capacity. The results suggested a significant effect of scoliosis on asymmetric lifting capacity.
제안 방법
Additional data was collected using the body composition analysis device (T-scan plus, Jawon medical Co., Ltd.), including body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat and muscle mass of left/right arms and legs, in order to analyze the effect of body composition on the asymmetric lifting capacity (Fig. 3).
All three postures were replicated three times (total 9 trials), and the subjects had a ten minute break between each trial. Also, all of the trials were totally randomized.
Also, it is well-known that the device guarantees good intrarater and interrater reliability in scoliosis screening examinations [13]. Based on these facts, this study will be used to measure the ATR using the scoliometer in the thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar region, and the results will be used to investigate the effects of scoliosis on the asymmetric lifting capacity.
Finally, the data was further processed by calculating the differences from counter-clockwise 30° MVCs to clockwise 30° MVCs.
During the experiment, the subjects were asked to bend over, with arms dangling, until a curve could be observed. The Scoliometer was placed on the back of the subjects and used to measure the difference between the left and right apex of the curve in thoracic (T4-T8), thoracolumbar (T12-L1) and lumbar (L3-L5) area [14]. The right value in the degree of ATR measured by the scoliometer was deemed plus (+), the left value was deemed minus (-) [14].
대상 데이터
There are several limitations of this study that influence the generalizability of results. First, the participants in this study were physically fit, young college students. So, if the tests were performed on the general population, the results could vary.
In total, 24 male college students participated in this study (age: 24.29±1.49; height: 173.73±5.45 cm; weight: 71.48±8.41 kg).
데이터처리
Also, the results of one-way ANOVA showed significant effects of degree of ATR in all three spinal regions (thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar) on the difference between counter-clockwise 30° and clockwise 30° MVCs (see Table 2).
Table 3. Result of Tukey test for degree of ATR.
Table 2. Result of one-way ANOVA for degree of ATR.
The data was analyzed using the Minitab software to perform the correlation analysis and one-way ANOVA. The Post-Hoc test (multiple comparisons) using the Tukey Method was employed.
이론/모형
The data was analyzed using the Minitab software to perform the correlation analysis and one-way ANOVA. The Post-Hoc test (multiple comparisons) using the Tukey Method was employed. The significant level was assumed as p < 0.
성능/효과
So, if the tests were performed on the general population, the results could vary. Second, the number of participants was relatively small. The follow up study should recruit a larger number of participants in order to generalize the results.
The figures showed an increasing trend of MVCs from group -1 to group 1 in all three spinal regions including thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar area. So, it is plausible to conclude that the scoliosis in thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar area can influence the lifting capacity according to the direction of spinal deformity.
This study revealed no effects of BMI, percentage of body fat and muscle mass of left/right arms and legs on asymmetric lifting capacity. However, it should be denoted that the degree of ATR in the thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar area influences the asymmetric lifting capacity.
참고문헌 (14)
M.P. Meier, M.P. Klein, D. Krebs, D. Grob and M. Muntener, "Fiber Transformations in Multifidus Muscle of Young Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis", Spine, Vol. 22, pp. 2357-2364, 1997.
I.D. Detchev, "Implementation of a Close Range Photogrammetric System for 3d Reconstruction of a Scoliotic Torso", MSc Thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, 2010.
W. Adams, "Lectures on the Pathology and Treatment of Lateral and Other Forms of Curvature of the Spine", London: J & A Churchill & Sons, 1882.
W.P. Bunnell, "An objective criterion for scoliosis screening", Journal of bone and joint surgery, Vol. 66, pp. 1381-1387, 1984.
P.D.C. Cote, B.G. Kreitz, J.D. Cassidy, A.K. Dzus and J. Martel, "A Study of the Diagnostic Accuracy and Reliability of the Scoliometer and Adam's Forward Bend Test", Spine, Vol. 23, pp. 796-802, 1998.
T.B. Grivas, E.S. Vasiliadis, G. Koufopoulos, D. Segos, G. Triantafyllopoulos and V. Mouzakis, "Study of trunk asymmetry in normal children and adolescents", Scoliosis, Vol. 1, pp. 19-26, 2006.
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