Reis, Nesrin
(Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Bezmialem Vakif University)
,
Bebis, Hatice
(Hospital of Marasal Cakmak)
,
Kose, Sevinc
(College of Nursing, Erzincan University)
,
Sis, Asli
(Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic Nursing, College of Nursing, Ataturk University)
,
Engin, Raziye
(Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic Nursing, College of Nursing, Ataturk University)
,
Yavan, Tulay
(Hospital of Marasal Cakmak)
Objective: The aims of this study were to explore Turkish women's knowledge, behavior and beliefs related to cervical cancer and screening. Methods: The study was performed in two cities in the East of Turkey between September 2009 and April 2010, with a sampling group of 387 women. Data were collec...
Objective: The aims of this study were to explore Turkish women's knowledge, behavior and beliefs related to cervical cancer and screening. Methods: The study was performed in two cities in the East of Turkey between September 2009 and April 2010, with a sampling group of 387 women. Data were collected by means of an interview form with the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test - Turkish Version. Results: Women in the research group were found to have poor knowledge, inadequate health behavior and low/medium level false beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening. There was relation between health beliefs and characteristics of women and particularly education (F = 10.80, p = 0.01). Similarly, it was found that Pap smear barriers were influenced by demographic characteristics and that women with low-level education (p = 0.001), divorced women (p = 0.05), women with low-income(p = 0.05), women who gave their first birth when they were 18 or younger (p = 0.05) and women not applying any contraceptive method at all (p = 0.01) were determined to have negative Pap smear barriers. Conclusions: Primarily the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of women in the target group should be evaluated to increase their participation in cervical cancer screening and to prepare effective education strategies.
Objective: The aims of this study were to explore Turkish women's knowledge, behavior and beliefs related to cervical cancer and screening. Methods: The study was performed in two cities in the East of Turkey between September 2009 and April 2010, with a sampling group of 387 women. Data were collected by means of an interview form with the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test - Turkish Version. Results: Women in the research group were found to have poor knowledge, inadequate health behavior and low/medium level false beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening. There was relation between health beliefs and characteristics of women and particularly education (F = 10.80, p = 0.01). Similarly, it was found that Pap smear barriers were influenced by demographic characteristics and that women with low-level education (p = 0.001), divorced women (p = 0.05), women with low-income(p = 0.05), women who gave their first birth when they were 18 or younger (p = 0.05) and women not applying any contraceptive method at all (p = 0.01) were determined to have negative Pap smear barriers. Conclusions: Primarily the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of women in the target group should be evaluated to increase their participation in cervical cancer screening and to prepare effective education strategies.
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문제 정의
The purpose of the present study is to explore the knowledge, behaviors and beliefs related to cervical cancer and screening among Turkish women. It was hypothesized that early detection practices and inefficient utilization of cervical cancer screening would be affected by poor knowledge, wrong behaviors and beliefs related to cervical cancer screening in women
This study describes the knowledge, behaviors and beliefs of the women living in the East of Turkey related to cervical cancer and screening.
제안 방법
The study was designed as a descriptive type to reveal the knowledge, behaviors and beliefs related to cervical cancer and screening between September 2009 and April 2010. This investigation was performed in Erzurum and Erzincan located in Eastern region of Turkey, two closely neighbor provinces with similar socio-cultural characteristics, and have lower educational and socioeconomic level (Turkish Population and Health Research 2008).
For the sample, women were recruited from the outpatient clinics of the gynecology and obstetrics departments of the hospitals, where patients applied for their gynecologic examination, control and antenatal care. During this period of study, we visited the outpatient clinics for two days (Thursday and Friday) every week and we interviewed the women who were waiting for examination or control/check up/follow up or who had already completed medical procedures. Women included in the scope of sampling in the study were selected with random sampling method and married or divorced agreed to participate in the study included in the research.
Interview Form: This form was developed by the researchers as a result of the literature review. The first part consisted of questions related to demographic characteristics (age, length of employment, marital status, level of education, the age of first marriage, number of abortions, income status, family history of cervical cancer, and use of contraceptive method).
대상 데이터
This investigation was performed at two Cities, located in Eastern region of Turkey. In each of these two cities, there are Medical Faculty Research and Practice Hospitals serving Eastern Region.
Potential limitations of this study should be considered. The research was carried out on a small group of samples in the eastern region of Turkey and this sampling group is insufficient in terms of to reflecting the entire region. Moreover, there are traditional, social, cultural, and economic differences within the country.
데이터처리
0 for Windows Version (Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows) package program was used for the analysis of the quantitative data of the research. Analyses performed were descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, ranges, and frequencies), independent t test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
이론/모형
Interview Form and The Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test –Turkish Version were used to collect the data.
Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test-Turkish Version: It was used to determine women’s beliefs regarding cervical cancer and screening.
성능/효과
, 2006; Yucel, 2006). According to the results of these studies, the rate of women applying Pap smear does not reach to the aimed level and the reasons for this are stated as socio-demographic characteristics, attitude to a gynecologic examination and the awareness of the women of cervical cancer aas well as the Pap smear test.
Women included in the scope of sampling in the study were selected with random sampling method and married or divorced agreed to participate in the study included in the research. The sufficiency of the sample size was evaluated by the power analysis, and it was determined that an study group with 347 participants, each represents the population by 80% power in 95% confidence interval. But this number was raised to 10 % (387) for unresponsive probability.
Analyzing the demographic characteristics of the cases, it was seen that their average age was 34.9±10.2, 38.2 % were graduates of high-school, 97.4 % of them were married, 35.7 % were unemployed, 68.5% had equal income and their spending, the age of their first marriage (78.0 %) was 19 and over, 76.5 % haven’t had abortions, and 42.9% have not used effective contraceptive methods (Table 1).
, 2008). According to the results of our study and these studies, embarrassment, stigma towards pelvic examination, and anticipation of pain and disturbance during the procedures have been found as factors that prevent the regular Pap test behaviors. Therefore, accurate health care information and communication by health providers may be important to close the gap between women’s subculture and that of health professionals, thereby eliminating the feelings of stigma and pain perception toward cervical screening.
In conclusion and recommendations, according to the data, the women in the research group have poor knowledge, inadequate health behavior and low/medium level false beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening. In view of these results: Knowledge, attitude and beliefs of the women in the targeted group should be evaluated in order to increase the participation of women in cervical cancer screening and to prepare effective teaching strategies; the knowledge, cultural beliefs and structural barriers influence cervical cancer screening and Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test may help to develop strategies to enhance compliance with cervical cancer screening and Pap smear follow-up; culturally specific educational programs prepared taking into consideration the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of women will increase participation in units serving for cervical cancer screening and encourage women in this regard; educational programs, counseling, outreach programs, and community-based interventions will help to improve the uptake of Pap smear in Turkey.
후속연구
Therefore, they may have different beliefs and attitudes from the women in the west. Further research with a larger sample including women from various geographical areas is needed.
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