안정동위원소분석기법(SIA)은 생태학 및 환경학적 측면에서 유기물의 기원 추적 및 생지화학적인 문제를 해결함에 있어서 유용하기 때문에 그 사용이 꾸준히 증가되고 있다. C, N, S, H, O 등의 원소는 모두 하나 이상의 동위원소를 가지고 있으며, 동위원소 조성비는 질량분석기를 이용하여 매우 정밀하게 측정할 수 있다. 이러한 동위원소 조성비는 물리적, 화학적, 생물학적 반응을 통한 분별작용으로 인하여 예측 가능한 방식으로 변경된다. 더 나아가 안정동위원소 기법은 생태와 환경 학문에서 유기물의 기원을 밝히고, 생태계내 먹이망 구조를 밝히고, 영양염 등의 질산염 순환을 이해하고, 동물의 이동경로를 밝히고, 오염원을 추적하는 등 매우 강력한 도구로서 사용할 수 있다. 그러므로 생태학 및 환경학 분야에서 안정동위원소의 활용이 매우 유용하다.
안정동위원소 분석기법(SIA)은 생태학 및 환경학적 측면에서 유기물의 기원 추적 및 생지화학적인 문제를 해결함에 있어서 유용하기 때문에 그 사용이 꾸준히 증가되고 있다. C, N, S, H, O 등의 원소는 모두 하나 이상의 동위원소를 가지고 있으며, 동위원소 조성비는 질량분석기를 이용하여 매우 정밀하게 측정할 수 있다. 이러한 동위원소 조성비는 물리적, 화학적, 생물학적 반응을 통한 분별작용으로 인하여 예측 가능한 방식으로 변경된다. 더 나아가 안정동위원소 기법은 생태와 환경 학문에서 유기물의 기원을 밝히고, 생태계내 먹이망 구조를 밝히고, 영양염 등의 질산염 순환을 이해하고, 동물의 이동경로를 밝히고, 오염원을 추적하는 등 매우 강력한 도구로서 사용할 수 있다. 그러므로 생태학 및 환경학 분야에서 안정동위원소의 활용이 매우 유용하다.
This review paper was written to provide background information as well as future application for aquatic ecologists interested in using stable isotope. Stable isotope techniques has proved to be an extremely useful to elucidate a lot of environmental and ecological problems. Stable isotopes have be...
This review paper was written to provide background information as well as future application for aquatic ecologists interested in using stable isotope. Stable isotope techniques has proved to be an extremely useful to elucidate a lot of environmental and ecological problems. Stable isotopes have been used as possible tracers to identify sources, to quantify relative inputs in a system. When utilized carefully, stable isotope tools provides apparent advantages for the scientists to find out the processes of material cycles in various environments and energy flows in natural ecosystems.
This review paper was written to provide background information as well as future application for aquatic ecologists interested in using stable isotope. Stable isotope techniques has proved to be an extremely useful to elucidate a lot of environmental and ecological problems. Stable isotopes have been used as possible tracers to identify sources, to quantify relative inputs in a system. When utilized carefully, stable isotope tools provides apparent advantages for the scientists to find out the processes of material cycles in various environments and energy flows in natural ecosystems.
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문제 정의
비록 안정동위원소 기법이 생태학적, 생지화학적 과정을 설명함에 있어서 뛰어난 기법이지만, 국내에서는 시료 준비, 보관, 분석, 전처리 방법에 대한 정확한 정립이 아직 모호한 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문은 안정동위원소 분석에 관심이 있는 환경 및 수생태 연구자들에게 기본적인 지식을 제공하기 위하여 작성되었다. 안정동위원소 기법을 올바르게 활용하기 위하여 연구자들에게 시료 전처리 및 분석, 안정동위원소비 계산, 자료의 해석 및 적용에 관한 전반적인 지식을 제공하고, 더 나아가 자료의 잠재적인 해석의 오류를 피하기 위하여 안정동위원소비에 관한 전반적인 지식을 총체적으로 제공하고자 한다.
따라서 본 논문은 안정동위원소 분석에 관심이 있는 환경 및 수생태 연구자들에게 기본적인 지식을 제공하기 위하여 작성되었다. 안정동위원소 기법을 올바르게 활용하기 위하여 연구자들에게 시료 전처리 및 분석, 안정동위원소비 계산, 자료의 해석 및 적용에 관한 전반적인 지식을 제공하고, 더 나아가 자료의 잠재적인 해석의 오류를 피하기 위하여 안정동위원소비에 관한 전반적인 지식을 총체적으로 제공하고자 한다.
제안 방법
안정동위원소비는 질량분석기(IRMS: Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry)를 이용하여 측정한다. 대상 물질의 질량과 전하간의 비율(m/z)을 바탕으로 가스를 이온화하고 편자장내를 통과시켜 안정동위원소비를 측정하는 장치로서 전처리한 시료를 기기에 투입하면, Gas chromatograph를 이용하여 화합물을 분리한 후 질량분석기로 들여보내 성분별 안정동위원소비 조성을 측정한다(Fig. 1). 신뢰성 있는 정확한 안정동위원소비값을 얻기 위해서 다양한 표준시료가 개발되고 있다.
N을 농축하는 기술)을 적용한 추적자 실험 기법이 많이 활용되었다. 툰드라 강(Peterson et al., 1997), 열대우림지역(Merriam et al., 2002), 대초원의 하천수(Evans-White et al., 2001), 하구지역(Hughes et al., 2000) 등의 지역에서 질소 순환 연구가 추적자 실험 (15NH+, 15NO3- )을 통하여 이루어졌다. 또한, 아미노산을 동위원소적으로 라벨링하여 유기물에게 섭식시킨 후 체내로의 동화율을 측정하는 연구에 활용되기도 하였다 (Epp et al.
이론/모형
그러므로 시료의 질소 및 황 안정동위원소비 분석을 위해서는 지질제거 방법이 도용되지 않은 시료가 요구된다. 많은 연구자들이 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여 chlorofrom-methanol (Bligh and Dyer, 1959) 혹은 hexane-isopropanol (Radin, 1981) 방법을 활용하여 시료내의 지질을 추출한 후 분석한다. 반면에, 지질을 추출하지 않고 아래와 같은 방정식을 활용하여 탄소 안정동위원소비를 보정해주는 방법이 이용되기도 한다(Rau et al.
성능/효과
산소 및 수소 안정동위원소비는 온도효과(temperature effect), 계절효과(seasonal effect), 고도효과(altitude effect), 우량효과(amount effect) 등에 의해 영향을 받는다. 즉, 저위도로 갈수록, 고도가 높아질수록, 우량이 많을 수록, 내륙으로 갈수록 안전동위원소비가 작아진다. 수소 안정동위원소비는 해수 0‰, 초생수 -40~-80‰, 순환수 -50~350‰, 남극지방 -500~100‰ 등으로 600‰이상의 편차를 보이며, 산소 안정동위원소비는 해수 0‰, 순환수 -45~10‰, 현무암 8~9‰ 등으로 100‰ 정도의 비교적 적은 편차를 보인다(Gat et al.
후속연구
이와 같이 선진 외국에서는 이미 GC-IRMS가 환경과학, 식품학, 의학, 법의학 분야에서 수많은 기관 및 대학 연구소들이 적극 활용되고 있지만 국내에서는 국립환경과학원, 한국기초과학지원 연구원, 국립과학수사 연구소, 해양경찰청, 한국해양과학기술원, 한양대학교 해양환경융합과 등 일부 기관 및 연구소에서 기기를 보유하고 연구가 진행중인 상태이다. 추후 국내 연구자들이 EA-IRMS 연구 분야뿐만 아니라 GC-IRMS 연구분야를 적극 홍보하여 유기화합물이 기원, 오염원 추적 등의 국내 관련 분야의 연구 영역을 확대하여 널리 활용되기를 기대한다.
안정동위원소(SIA: Stable Isotope Analysis) 기법은 생태와 환경 학문에서 매우 강력한 도구로 활용되고 있다. 탄소(13C/12C), 질소( 15N/14N), 황( 34S/32S), 수소( 2 H/1 H),산소(18O/17O)의 안정동위원소비는 다양한 매개체에 따라서 그 범위가 다양하여, 1) 여러 가지 유기물의 공급 원을 추적하고, 2) 하천, 호수, 연안, 해양 생태계에서 먹이망의 구조를 밝히고, 3) 수생태계내 영양염 등의 질소 순환을 이해하고, 4) 동물의 이동경로를 밝히고, 5) 고해양학 연구를 통해 과거의 생물분포 및 기후변동을 이해 하는 등 다양한 분야에서 적용되고 있다.
동위원소란?
동위원소란 그것을 구성하고 있는 원자들의 원자번호가 같지만 구성 질량수가 다른 원소를 의미하며, 같은 수의 양성자를 가지고 중성자의 수만 다른 원자핵으로 이루어진 원소이다. 동위원소 중 방사성 붕괴를 하지 않는 원소, 즉 방사성을 띄지 않는 동위원소를 안정동위원소(Stable Isotope)라고 한다(Schimel, 1993) (Table 1).
안정동위원소 분석기법의 장점은?
안정동위원소 분석기법(SIA)은 생태학 및 환경학적 측면에서 유기물의 기원 추적 및 생지화학적인 문제를 해결함에 있어서 유용하기 때문에 그 사용이 꾸준히 증가되고 있다. C, N, S, H, O 등의 원소는 모두 하나 이상의 동위원소를 가지고 있으며, 동위원소 조성비는 질량분석기를 이용하여 매우 정밀하게 측정할 수 있다.
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