Numerous studies have suggested that Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract has various immune modulatory activities both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used a mouse model to examine the effects of orally administered KRG extract on immunity against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Balb/c mice were ad...
Numerous studies have suggested that Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract has various immune modulatory activities both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used a mouse model to examine the effects of orally administered KRG extract on immunity against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Balb/c mice were administered with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg oral doses of KRG extract for 10 d and then vaginally infected with HSV. We found that KRG extract rendered recipients more resistant against HSV vaginal infection and further systemic infection, including decreased clinical severity, increased survival rate, and accelerated viral clearance. Such results appeared to be mediated by increased vaginal IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion. Moreover, increased mRNA expression of IFN-${\gamma}$, granzyme B, and Fas-ligand was identified in the iliac lymph node and vaginal tracts of KRG extract treated groups (200 and 400 mg/kg). These results suggest that the activities of local natural killer cells were promoted by KRG extract consumption and that KRG may be an attractive immune stimulator for helping hosts overcome HSV infection.
Numerous studies have suggested that Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract has various immune modulatory activities both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used a mouse model to examine the effects of orally administered KRG extract on immunity against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Balb/c mice were administered with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg oral doses of KRG extract for 10 d and then vaginally infected with HSV. We found that KRG extract rendered recipients more resistant against HSV vaginal infection and further systemic infection, including decreased clinical severity, increased survival rate, and accelerated viral clearance. Such results appeared to be mediated by increased vaginal IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion. Moreover, increased mRNA expression of IFN-${\gamma}$, granzyme B, and Fas-ligand was identified in the iliac lymph node and vaginal tracts of KRG extract treated groups (200 and 400 mg/kg). These results suggest that the activities of local natural killer cells were promoted by KRG extract consumption and that KRG may be an attractive immune stimulator for helping hosts overcome HSV infection.
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문제 정의
In this study, we demonstrate that administration of KRG extracts on a prophylactic basis regulates vaginal and systemic HSV infectivity. These beneficial effects have been suggested to involve increased expression of IFN-γ, granzyme B, and FasL in the iliac lymph nodes and vaginal tissue, presumably by enhanced NK cell activities.
가설 설정
Experimental models are needed to verify immune stimulatory activities that increase host resistance to microbial infection. Here, we investigated whether KRG extract administration efficiently boosts the immune system and protects KRG administered mice against HSV mucosal infection. Since different parts of immune cells regulate HSV, KRG related immune modulation can be either beneficial or detrimental to the host.
Furthermore, regulatory T cells coordinate early protective immunity to HSV infection, although their exact function is not yet understood. We hypothesized that KRG extract administration would modulate the immune environment and affect genital HSV infectivity.
제안 방법
PCR amplifications were performed with individual primers in a total volume of 20 μL containing 5 pmol of each primer (Table 1), 10 μL of 2× SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara Bio Inc.), and nuclease-free PCR-grade water after initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 s and 45 cycles (95°C for 5 s and 61°C for 30 s).
After the reaction was completed, specificity was verified by melting curve analysis. Quantification was performed by comparing Ct values of each sample with normalization to GAPDH.
The present study was designed to explore alternative mechanisms by which KRG directly influences HSV infectivity. To determine such effects, HSV infected mice were vaginally treated with KRG extract solution (0, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) at 2 h post infection.
This study did not mechanistically demonstrate how KRG administration increases NK cell activity by up-regulating IFN-γ, granzyme B, and FasL expression.
To investigate how KRG extract treated groups were resistant to HSV infection, the effects of viral clearance were measured in the vaginal tracts of mice at various times after infection. As indicated in Fig.
대상 데이터
Seven-week-old female Balb/c mice were purchased from Samtako Bio Korea (Osan, Korea). Mice were housed in polycarbonate cages in an animal facility under standard conditions (24±2°C, 50±5% humidity) with a 12 h light/dark cycle.
데이터처리
All data were expressed as mean±standard error. Differences between multiple groups were compared with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS ver. 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Individual comparisons were obtained by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Different letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
Individual comparisons were obtained by Duncan’s multiple range test.
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