Anaplasmosis 은 흡혈성 절지동물인 진드기, 이파리, 모기 등에 의해 매개되는 리케차성 인수공통 전염병이다. 철새는 anaplasmosis의 매개체인 진드기의 숙주이다. 제주도의 다양한 철새 분류군 중에서 지빠귀과 조류의 진드기 감염률이 높다. 특히 마라도는 봄철 남방구에서 북방구로 이동하는 철새의 중간기착점으로 지리적으로 중요한 위치에 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 제주도의 대표적 이동철새인 지빠귀과 새들의 Anaplasma spp. 감염여부를 조사하였다. 우리는 마라도에서 34마리의 혈액과 제주야생동물구조센터에서 구조 채취된 6개의 혈액 시료를 대상으로 하였다. 그 결과, 40개체의 지빠귀 중 7개체가 감염이 확인되었으며, 감염률은 17.5%로 나타났다. 7개체 모두 Anaplasma phagocytophilum으로 동정되었다. 이러한 결과는 제주도를 통과하는 대표적인 철새인 지빠귀과 새들이 A. phagocytophilum을 육지로 전파할 수 있음을 시사하며, 다른 이동성 철새들간의 질병전파의 보균자로 작용할 수 있기에 철새, 텃새 및 가축으로의 전파여부를 지속적으로 모니터링할 필요가 있다.
Anaplasmosis 은 흡혈성 절지동물인 진드기, 이파리, 모기 등에 의해 매개되는 리케차성 인수공통 전염병이다. 철새는 anaplasmosis의 매개체인 진드기의 숙주이다. 제주도의 다양한 철새 분류군 중에서 지빠귀과 조류의 진드기 감염률이 높다. 특히 마라도는 봄철 남방구에서 북방구로 이동하는 철새의 중간기착점으로 지리적으로 중요한 위치에 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 제주도의 대표적 이동철새인 지빠귀과 새들의 Anaplasma spp. 감염여부를 조사하였다. 우리는 마라도에서 34마리의 혈액과 제주야생동물구조센터에서 구조 채취된 6개의 혈액 시료를 대상으로 하였다. 그 결과, 40개체의 지빠귀 중 7개체가 감염이 확인되었으며, 감염률은 17.5%로 나타났다. 7개체 모두 Anaplasma phagocytophilum으로 동정되었다. 이러한 결과는 제주도를 통과하는 대표적인 철새인 지빠귀과 새들이 A. phagocytophilum을 육지로 전파할 수 있음을 시사하며, 다른 이동성 철새들간의 질병전파의 보균자로 작용할 수 있기에 철새, 텃새 및 가축으로의 전파여부를 지속적으로 모니터링할 필요가 있다.
Anaplasmosis is a rickettsial zoonosis mediated by blood-sucking arthropods, such as ticks, flies, and mosquitos. Migratory birds are common hosts of ticks that are mediators of anaplasmosis, in particular, the tick infection rate in thrushes (family Turdidae) has been known to be high. The main pur...
Anaplasmosis is a rickettsial zoonosis mediated by blood-sucking arthropods, such as ticks, flies, and mosquitos. Migratory birds are common hosts of ticks that are mediators of anaplasmosis, in particular, the tick infection rate in thrushes (family Turdidae) has been known to be high. The main purpose of this study is to survey the occurrence and prevalence of Anaplasma spp. from the migratory thrushes in Jeju island. We collected blood samples from 6 thrushes rescued at the Jeju Wildlife Rescue Center and from 34 wild-caught thrushes on Mara island which is a satellite island of Jeju. As a result, the nested PCR confirmed that seven out of 40 individuals (17.5%) were infected by Anaplasma spp. and all of them were identified as A. phagocytophilum based on sequences obtained from partial 16S rRNA. All the infected birds were on their northward migration in spring, our results suggest that the Turdidae family, which is a common and abundant migrant group passing through Jeju island, may act a role as active reservoir and disperser of A. phagocytophilum causing potential influx of the zoonotic pathogens from its wintering grounds in lower latitude to the mainland Korea as well as Jeju.
Anaplasmosis is a rickettsial zoonosis mediated by blood-sucking arthropods, such as ticks, flies, and mosquitos. Migratory birds are common hosts of ticks that are mediators of anaplasmosis, in particular, the tick infection rate in thrushes (family Turdidae) has been known to be high. The main purpose of this study is to survey the occurrence and prevalence of Anaplasma spp. from the migratory thrushes in Jeju island. We collected blood samples from 6 thrushes rescued at the Jeju Wildlife Rescue Center and from 34 wild-caught thrushes on Mara island which is a satellite island of Jeju. As a result, the nested PCR confirmed that seven out of 40 individuals (17.5%) were infected by Anaplasma spp. and all of them were identified as A. phagocytophilum based on sequences obtained from partial 16S rRNA. All the infected birds were on their northward migration in spring, our results suggest that the Turdidae family, which is a common and abundant migrant group passing through Jeju island, may act a role as active reservoir and disperser of A. phagocytophilum causing potential influx of the zoonotic pathogens from its wintering grounds in lower latitude to the mainland Korea as well as Jeju.
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문제 정의
Fig 2. Phylogenetic tree of partial 16s rRNA gene sequences of various Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species and PCR-amplified 16s rRNA products the Family Turdidae collected in this study. Scale bar indicates the number of mutations per sequence position.
Therefore, the information on the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in wild birds is rarely available. This study aims to detect and identify Anaplasma spp. in migratory thrushes that represent the highest tick infestation rate in order to understand the possible influx of tick-borne pathogens to Jeju island through bird migration.
제안 방법
After then, a nested PCR was performed with EE3F (5'-GTC GAA CGG ATT ATT CTT TAT AGC-3') and EE4R (5'-CCC TTC CGT TAA GAA GGA TCT AAT CTC C-3') that was specific to the 16S rRNA gene of A. phagocytophilum.
Primary PCR amplification was performed with the primer set AE1-F (5'-AAG CTT AAC ACA TGC AAG TCG AA-3') and AE1-R (5'- AGT CAC TGA CCC AAC CTT AAA TG-3') that was specific to the 16S rRNA gene of both Anaplasma and Ehrilchia species.
대상 데이터
Bird species with seven positive results were White's (Zoothera aurea; one bird), Japanese (Turdus cardis; two birds), and Pale Thrushes (Turdus pallidus; four birds) (Table 1). Among the seven infected thrushes, six were wild caught thrushes on Mara island while the rest was a rescued Japanese Thrush in main island of Jeju. All infected thrushes were caught or rescued during their northward migration in spring, not in autumn nor winter.
Study area is in the jurisdiction of Jeju Special Self-governing Province, including main island of Jeju and its satellite island. From 2012 to 2013, a total 34 migratory thrushes were trapped using mist nets (2.
5 × 12 m) on Mara island in Seogwipo-si, Jeju. We also examined six rescued thrushes admitted to the Jeju Wildlife Rescue Center, Jeju National University. We collected blood samples (< 10 µl) from brachial veins of each thrush caught or rescued, comprising nine species: Brown-headed Thrush (Turdus chrysolaus, 3 birds), Dusky Thrush (Turdus eunomus, 1), Eye-browed Thrush (Turdus obscurus, 3), Grey-backed Thrush (Turdus hortulorum, 3), Japanese Thrush (Turdus cardis, 5), Naumann's Thrush (Turdus naumanni, 2), Pale Thrush (Turdus pallidus, 13), Siberian Thrush (Zoothera sibirica, 1), and White's Thrush (Zoothera aurea, 9) (Table 1).
이론/모형
Multiple sequence alignments were performed using the program Clustal W and Phylogenetic trees were constructed by neighbor-joining method with distance matrix calculation by Kimura’s two parameters, operated by MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) software version 5.1 (17).
성능/효과
Bird species with seven positive results were White's (Zoothera aurea; one bird), Japanese (Turdus cardis; two birds), and Pale Thrushes (Turdus pallidus; four birds) (Table 1).
2% in ticks collected from Redwings (Turdus iliacus) and Blackbirds (9). Compared with such results, this study shows the relatively high infection rate of A. phagocytophilum (17.5%) in the Family Turdidae. It is unclear that such higher prevalence in thrushes was partially caused by different detection methods (blood vs bird tick tests), but it must be clearly related with the high tick infestation rate due to their ground-dwelling habits of Turdidae birds (3).
In this study, all of infected White's, Japanese, and Pale Thrushes were on their northward migration from their wintering grounds to Jeju, while no bird on southward migration was infected.
phagocytophilum in Jeju island in the Republic of Korea. This result indicates that the family Turdidae, common and abundant migratory birds passing through Jeju, may cause the influx of A. phagocytophilum into the mainland Korea as well as Jeju island during their northward migration.
The northward expansion of tick-borne diseases is recently one of special interests in terms of the effect of global climate change on public and animal health concerns (3). This study demonstrates a confirmed role of Turdidae, incoming from tropics and subtropics (such as Southeast Asia and Southern China), in the influx or transmission of tick-borne pathogens (A. phagocytophilum), though the detailed process and robust effect of the role are still unknown. Although we only investigated Turdidae in this study, we are able to suggest that other migratory birds may be reservoirs and carriers of any type of tick-borne diseases.
Though several mutations were identified in the nucleotide sequence of each individual, but all sequences corresponded to the sequence of A. phagocytophilum (> 99% identical), indicating that all the pathogens detected are A. phagocytophilum.
We collected blood samples (< 10 µl) from brachial veins of each thrush caught or rescued, comprising nine species: Brown-headed Thrush (Turdus chrysolaus, 3 birds), Dusky Thrush (Turdus eunomus, 1), Eye-browed Thrush (Turdus obscurus, 3), Grey-backed Thrush (Turdus hortulorum, 3), Japanese Thrush (Turdus cardis, 5), Naumann's Thrush (Turdus naumanni, 2), Pale Thrush (Turdus pallidus, 13), Siberian Thrush (Zoothera sibirica, 1), and White's Thrush (Zoothera aurea, 9) (Table 1).
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