Effects of Aspergillus Oryzae Culture and 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)-Butanoic Acid on In vitro Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Populations between Different Roughage Sources원문보기
Sun, H.
(Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University)
,
Wu, Y.M.
(Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University)
,
Wang, Y.M.
(Novus International Research Center)
,
Liu, J.X.
(Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University)
,
Myung, K.H.
(Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University)
An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aspergillus oryzae culture (AOC) and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB) on rumen fermentation and microbial populations between different roughage sources. Two roughage sources (Chinese wild rye [CWR] vs corn silage [CS]) were...
An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aspergillus oryzae culture (AOC) and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB) on rumen fermentation and microbial populations between different roughage sources. Two roughage sources (Chinese wild rye [CWR] vs corn silage [CS]) were assigned in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement with HMB (0 or 15 mg) and AOC (0, 3, or 6 mg). Gas production (GP), microbial protein (MCP) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) were increased in response to addition of HMB and AOC (p<0.01) for the two roughages. The HMB and AOC showed inconsistent effects on ammonia-N with different substrates. For CWR, neither HMB nor AOC had significant effect on molar proportion of individual VFA. For CS, acetate was increased (p = 0.02) and butyrate was decreased (p<0.01) by adding HMB and AOC. Increase of propionate was only occurred with AOC (p<0.01). Populations of protozoa ($p{\leq}0.03$) and fungi ($p{\leq}0.02$) of CWR were differently influenced by HMB and AOC. Percentages of F. succinogenes, R. albus, and R. flavefaciens (p<0.01) increased when AOC was added to CWR. For CS, HMB decreased the protozoa population (p = 0.01) and increased the populations of F. succinogenes and R. albus ($p{\leq}0.03$). Populations of fungi, F. succinogenes (p = 0.02) and R. flavefacien (p = 0.03) were increased by adding AOC. The HMB${\times}$AOC interactions were noted in MCP, fungi and R. flavefacien for CWR and GP, ammonia-N, MCP, total VFA, propionate, acetate/propionate (A/P) and R. albus for CS. It is inferred that addition of HMB and AOC could influence rumen fermentation of forages by increasing the number of rumen microbes.
An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aspergillus oryzae culture (AOC) and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB) on rumen fermentation and microbial populations between different roughage sources. Two roughage sources (Chinese wild rye [CWR] vs corn silage [CS]) were assigned in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement with HMB (0 or 15 mg) and AOC (0, 3, or 6 mg). Gas production (GP), microbial protein (MCP) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) were increased in response to addition of HMB and AOC (p<0.01) for the two roughages. The HMB and AOC showed inconsistent effects on ammonia-N with different substrates. For CWR, neither HMB nor AOC had significant effect on molar proportion of individual VFA. For CS, acetate was increased (p = 0.02) and butyrate was decreased (p<0.01) by adding HMB and AOC. Increase of propionate was only occurred with AOC (p<0.01). Populations of protozoa ($p{\leq}0.03$) and fungi ($p{\leq}0.02$) of CWR were differently influenced by HMB and AOC. Percentages of F. succinogenes, R. albus, and R. flavefaciens (p<0.01) increased when AOC was added to CWR. For CS, HMB decreased the protozoa population (p = 0.01) and increased the populations of F. succinogenes and R. albus ($p{\leq}0.03$). Populations of fungi, F. succinogenes (p = 0.02) and R. flavefacien (p = 0.03) were increased by adding AOC. The HMB${\times}$AOC interactions were noted in MCP, fungi and R. flavefacien for CWR and GP, ammonia-N, MCP, total VFA, propionate, acetate/propionate (A/P) and R. albus for CS. It is inferred that addition of HMB and AOC could influence rumen fermentation of forages by increasing the number of rumen microbes.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
All of the statistical analyses were conducted using the general linear models (GLM) procedures of SAS software (SAS Institute, 1999). Data from CWR and CS were analyzed separately as a completely randomized design with HMB, AOC and their interaction included. Effect of AOC supplementation was determined by the “contrast” option of the GLM procedure.
(2007), and Koike and Kobayashi (2001), respectively as in Table 3. The species-specific real-time qPCR was performed using the ABI 7500 real time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) with fluorescence detection of SYBR green dye. Samples were run under the amplification conditions as described by Mao et al.
Louis, MO, USA), was added into substrates at the level of 0 or 15 mg together with AOC. The treatments included: control (no AOC or HMB), AOC group without HMB (3 mg or 6 mg), HMB group without AOC (15 mg) and AOC plus HMB group (3 mg AOC+15 mg HMB; 6 mg AOC+15 mg HMB). Each treatment was performed in triplicate.
이론/모형
All of the statistical analyses were conducted using the general linear models (GLM) procedures of SAS software (SAS Institute, 1999). Data from CWR and CS were analyzed separately as a completely randomized design with HMB, AOC and their interaction included.
The substrates in the in vitro test consisted of finely ground corn (100 mg) and one kind of roughage (100 mg), CWR or CS. The gas production (GP) was determined according to the method of Menke and Steingass (1988). Rumen fluids were collected before morning feeding from three rumen-fistulated cows fed twice daily on a mixed diet.
성능/효과
In addition, for CS there were HMB×AOC interactions in GP and IVOMD which meant that the two additives interacted with each other and showed that adding HMB and AOC simultaneously to CS had a significant effect on GP and IVOMD.
Increases in total VFA (linear, p<0.01; quadratic, p<0.01), acetate (quadratic, p<0.01), propionate (linear, p = 0.04; quadratic, p = 0.02) and decreases in butyrate (quadratic, p<0.01) were noted as AOC concentration increased.
Results of this study suggest that addition of HMB and AOC had significant effect on GP, MCP, and total VFA of CWR and CS. However, as AOC affected the populations of fungi, F.
The GP and IVOMD (linear, p<0.01), c (linear, p<0.01; quadratic, p = 0.04) and MCP (linear, p<0.01; quadratic, p<0.01) were increased as AOC concentration increased.
참고문헌 (31)
AOAC 1997 Official Methods of Analysis 16th ed Association of Official Analytical Chemists Arlington, VA, USA
Autrey KM McCaskey JA Little JA 1975 Cellulose digestibility of fibrous materials treated with Trichoderma viride cellulase J Dairy Sci 58 67 71
Blake WL Stern MD Hannah SM 1986 Effect of supplementing methionine in various forms on bacterial degradation of methionine in continuous culture Nutr Rep Int 33 729 738
Boing JTP 1983 Enzyme production Industrial Microbiology Reed G 4th ed AVI Publ. Co., Inc Westport, CT, USA 685 689
Carton JS Erickson DO Carey DA Ulmer DL 1993 Influence of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on forage intake, site of digestion, in situ degradability, and duodenal amino acid flow in steers grazing cool-season pasture J Anim Sci 71 779 787 8385089
Chen CR Yu B Chiou PWS 2004 Roughage energy and degradability estimation with Aspergillus oryzae inclusion using Daisy ® in vitro fermentation Asian Australas J Anim Sci 17 53 62
Chen XL Wang JK Wu YM Liu JX 2008 Effects of chemical treatments of rice straw on rumen fermentation characteristics, fibrolytic enzyme activities and populations of liquid- and solid-associated ruminal microbes in vitro Anim Feed Sci Technol 141 1 14
Chung YH Bateman HG Williams CC Stanley CC Gantt DT Braud TW Southern LL Ward JD Hoyt PG Sod GA 2006 Effects of methionine and lysine on fermentation in vitro and in vivo, nutrient flow to the intestine, and milk production J Dairy Sci 89 1613 1620 16606731
Denman SE McSweeney CS 2006 Development of a real-time PCR assay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen FEMS Microbiol Ecol 58 572 582 17117998
Denman SE Tomkins NW McSweeney CS 2007 Quantitation and diversity analysis of ruminal methanogenic populations in response to the antimethanogenic compound bromochloromethane FEMS Microbiol Ecol 62 313 322 17949432
Di Francia A Masucci F De Rosa G Varricchio ML Proto V 2008 Effects of Aspergillus oryzae extract and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on intake, body weight gain and digestibility in buffalo calves Anim Feed Sci Technol 140 67 77
Frumholtz PP Newbold CJ Wallace RJ 1989 Influence of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on the fermentation of a basal ration in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 113 169 172
Hu WL Liu JX Ye JA Wu YM Guo YQ 2005 Effects of tea saponin on rumen fermentation in vitro Anim Feed Sci Technol 120 333 339
Jouany JP Mathieu F Senaud J Bohatier J Bertin G Mercier M 1998 Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae on the digestion of nitrogen in the rumen of defaunated and refaunated sheep Anim Feed Sci Technol 75 1 13
Koike S Kobayashi Y 2001 Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria: Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococccus flavefacies FEMS Microbiol Lett 204 361 366 11731149
Lee SS Choi CK Ahn BH Moon YH Kim CH Ha JK 2004 In vitro stimulation of rumen microbial fermentation by a rumen anaerobic fungal culture Anim Feed Sci Technol 115 215 226
Mao HL Wang JK Zhou YY Liu JX 2010 Effect of addition of tea saponin and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs Livest Sci 129 56 62
Martin C Mirande C Morgavi DP Forano E Devillard E Mosoni P 2013 Methionine analogues HMB and HMBi increase the abundance of cellulolytic bacterial representatives in the rumen of cattle with no direct effects on fibre degradation Anim Feed Sci Technol 182 16 24
Menke KH Steingass H 1988 Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid Anim Res Dev 28 7 55
National Research Council 2001 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 7th rev Edn National Academy Press Washington, DC, USA
Newbold J 1997 Proposed mechanisms for enzymes as modifiers of ruminal fermentation Processing of the 8th Annual Ruminant Nutrition Symposium Gainesville, Florida, USA 146 159
Noftsger SM St-Pierre NR Karnati SKR Firkins JL 2003 Effects of 2-hdyroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB) on microbial growth in continuous culture J Dairy Sci 86 2629 2636 12939087
Ørskov ER McDonald I 1979 The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 92 499 503
SAS 1999 SAS User′s Guide: Statistics, Version 8.0 SAS Inst Inc Cary, NC, USA
Schmidt JA Albright S Calza GM Calza RE 2004 Characterization of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract effects on the rumen fungus Neocallimastix frontalis EB 188. Part 2. Carbon source utilization and effects on zoospore production Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63 431 437 12690418
Van Soest PJ Bobertson JB Lewis BA 1991 Methods for dietary ber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition J Dairy Sci 74 3583 3597 1660498
Vázquez-Añón M Cassidy T McCullough P Varga GA 2001 Effects of Alimet on nutrient digestibility, bacterial protein synthesis, and ruminal disappearance during continuous culture J Dairy Sci 84 159 166 11210029
Wang Y McAllister TA 2002 Rumen microbes, enzymes and feed digestion-A review Asian Australas J Anim Sci 15 1659 1676
Whelan SJ Mulligan FJ Callan JJ Flynn B Pierce KM 2013 Effect of forage source and a supplementary methionine hydroxyl analogue on rumen fermentation parameters in lactating dairy cows offered a low crude protein diet Anim Feed Sci Technol 183 62 66
Wilson KR Abney CS Vasconcelos JT Vázquez-Añón M McMeniman JP Galyean ML 2008 Effects of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle and on fermentation in continuous culture J Anim Sci 86 1951 1962 18407983
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.