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가설 설정
- Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine changes in wrist torque control and strength with six weeks of strength training. We hypothesize that with strength training, wrist isometric torque control error and isokinetic maximum strength torque value will increase.
- We hypothesized that with wrist resistance training, both wrist control and strength would increase. The results support our hypothesis.
제안 방법
- The training group received wrist resistance training per the protocol in [Table 2] below between evaluation visits while the control group received no training. Assessments for wrist strength and control of sub-maximal accurate torque in flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation were performed on separate days over the course of 72 hours. This method has been utilized in order to maximize performance for all tests by enabling adequate recovery in between testing sessions.
- For the duration of the six-week training program, subjects were instructed to maintain “normal” dietary habits.
- Isokinetic strength was tested on the dynamometer at the constant angular velocity of 60º/s. In each trial, the subjects performed maximum concentric torque and were given at least 5 minutes between trials in an attempt to minimize fatigue. Isokinetic peak torques during flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation were quantified and considered as the maximum isokinetic strength.
- The training load of the device was adjusted such that the peak static torque was 70% of the 1-RM for each wrist exercise(Carroll, Barton, Hsu, & Lee, 2009). Subjects then performed six wrist exercises- flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation with the wrist training device. To perform four of these exercises (flexion, extension, ulnar deviation and radial deviation), subjects were asked to stand with their shoulder and elbow fully extended and the wrist in neutral alignment.
- The progressed improvements in the wrist control and strength throughout the 6 weeks of training is encouraging for both athletes and non-athletes, and it is suggested that future studies are performed with longer training periods in order to investigate the optimal training period for peak performance. The lab tests performed in this study to evaluate wrist control and strength have limitations, as the former was an isometric test and latter was an unrealistic isokinetic test. Therefore, it is also suggested that the future studies evaluate more realistic motor actions such as racket sports.
- During the fifth and sixth week, subjects performed three sets of 8-10 repetitions for each exercise. The training group had three training session for each week over 6 weeks with professional trainer. The control group did not receive training in between evaluation time points.
- To our knowledge, not many studies in the scientific literature are published on wrist control and strength in response to resistance training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine changes in wrist torque control and strength with six weeks of strength training. We hypothesize that with strength training, wrist isometric torque control error and isokinetic maximum strength torque value will increase.
- This assessment was performed before and after six weeks of resistance training and after each two-week interval of training. The subjects sat on a chair and placed their right upper arm into a wrist-forearm brace fixed to a table while watching a computer screen [Figure 2(a)].
- This study was designed to measure mainly two characteristics of wrist motor performance: isometric torque control and isokinetic maximum strength. Both groups, training and control [Table 1], were evaluated during visits at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6 where all three characteristics of wrist performance were measured.
- Subjects then performed six wrist exercises- flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation with the wrist training device. To perform four of these exercises (flexion, extension, ulnar deviation and radial deviation), subjects were asked to stand with their shoulder and elbow fully extended and the wrist in neutral alignment. To perform pronation and supination, subjects were asked to be seated and place their forearm in a forearm brace so that the shoulder was flexed and abducted approximately 35° and the elbow was flexed with the forearm parallel with the floor.
대상 데이터
- Subjects were randomly assigned to either the wrist training or control groups [Table 1]. Nine subjects in the wrist training group and ten subjects in the control group completed the study. Physical characteristics of the subjects were not statistically different across the groups.
- Nineteen right-handed, young males with no previous history of serious upper extremity or hand injuries participated in this study as consenting subjects. The mean (±SE) age, height, body mass, hand length, and hand width of the subjects were 24.
데이터처리
- The absolute deviation of the torque produced by the subject from the torque template (root-mean-square error or RMSE) was calculated and averaged over the whole time series to estimate the accuracy of the task.
- All values are expressed as means (±SE). Two-way repeated-measures (RM) ANOVAs were performed with the between-subject factor which will be referred to as GROUP (2 levels: wrist training group and control group) and the within-subject factor which will be referred to as SESSION (4 levels: week 0, week 2, week 4, and week 6). The critical value for significant difference was set at p<0.
이론/모형
- 1) cm, respectively. Handedness was determined by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971). Subjects were randomly assigned to either the wrist training or control groups [Table 1].
성능/효과
- ” Barry & Carson (2004) further describe how neural adaptations are primary means by which power and strength are enhanced. Although this study did not directly capture neuromuscular adaptations of wrist resistance training, our findings demonstrate that neural adaptations likely occurred with wrist resistance training given the rapid improvement in motor control within the first two weeks.
- First, the subject’s maximum voluntary force (MVF) was measured in flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation.
- , flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation) during 60°/s isokinetic wrist movements, increased with the resistance training in the training group [Figure 4(a)-(f)], while the control group did not show any statistically significant changes. The statistically significant difference between the training and control group was found after four weeks of training and the difference became generally greater as the training period was extended. This result was supported by the two-way RM ANOVA’s with the between-subject factor, GROUP (2 levels), and the within-subject factor, SESSION (4 levels), which showed significant GROUP effects for flexion (F[1,17]=4.
- RMSE values decreased with the resistance training in the wrist training group, while the values did not show significant increase or decrease in the control group [Figure 3(a)-(c)]. The statistically significant difference between the training and control group was found after two weeks of training and the difference became greater as the training period was extended. This result was supported by the two-way RM ANOVAs with the between-subject factor, GROUP (2 levels), and the within-subject factor, SESSION (4 levels), which showed significant GROUP effects for flexion-extension (F[1,17]=14.
- The results support our hypothesis. The training group showed a significant decrease in isometric torque control error at each 2-week interval (Weeks 2, 4, and 6) in all coupled measurements, with the most significant improvement at the 6-week time point compared to the control group. These data also indicate that the wrist motor control capabilities as quantified in this study significantly increased starting in the first two weeks of training and continuing to improve throughout the entire 6-week resistance training program.
- The training group showed a significant decrease in isometric torque control error at each 2-week interval (Weeks 2, 4, and 6) in all coupled measurements, with the most significant improvement at the 6-week time point compared to the control group. These data also indicate that the wrist motor control capabilities as quantified in this study significantly increased starting in the first two weeks of training and continuing to improve throughout the entire 6-week resistance training program. Specifically, the flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation measurements revealed the most improvement at Week 2 compared to the pronation-supination measurements.
- This result was supported by the two-way RM ANOVA’s with the between-subject factor, GROUP (2 levels), and the within-subject factor, SESSION (4 levels), which showed significant GROUP effects for flexion (F[1,17]=4.8, p<.05), extension (F[1,17]=4.7, p<.05), pronation (F[1,17]=10.6, p<.01), supination (F[1,17]=6.1, p<.05), radial deviation (F[1,17]=6.9, p<.05), and ulnar deviation (F[1,17]=6.9, p<.05), SESSION effects for flexion (F[3,51]=5.9, p<.01), extension (F[3,51]=3.7, p<.05), pronation (F[3,51]=7.7, p<.001), supination (F[3,51]=5.4, p<.01), radial deviation (F[3,51]=6.4, p<.01), and ulnar deviation (F[3,51]=6.4, p<.01), and significant GROUP×SESSION interactions for flexion (F[3,51]=4.1, p<.05), extension (F[3,51]=4.3, p<.01), pronation (F[3,51]=6.3, p<.01), supination (F[3,51]=4.8, p<.01), radial deviation (F[3,51]=6.2, p<.01), and ulnar deviation (F[3,51]=6.2, p<.01).
- This study was conducted to determine whether a wrist resistance training program, consisting of progressive repetition of all degrees of motion of the wrist (flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation) over six weeks, would significantly improve the isometric torque control and isokinetic maximum strength torque.
후속연구
- Future studies are needed to determine if this 6-week wrist resistance training program will effectively enhance the wrist strength/control for racquet sport athletes and patients recovering from wrist injuries.
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