Nurliyani,
(Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna 3, Kampus UGM)
,
Harmayani, Eni
(Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada)
,
Sunarti,
(Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada)
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of kefir combination from goat milk and soy milk on lipid profile, plasma glucose, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and the improvement of pancreatic β-cell in diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into five treatments: normal control, diabetic contr...
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of kefir combination from goat milk and soy milk on lipid profile, plasma glucose, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and the improvement of pancreatic β-cell in diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into five treatments: normal control, diabetic control, goat milk kefir, combination of goat milk-soy milk kefir and soy milk kefir. All rats were induced by streptooztocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA), except for normal control. After 35 d experiment, the rats were sampled for blood, sacrificed and sampled for pancreatic tissues. Results showed that diabetic rats fed kefir combination had higher (p<0.05) triglyceride than the rats fed goat milk or soy milk kefir. Decreasing of plasma glucose in diabetic rats fed kefir combination was higher (p<0.05) than rats fed goat millk kefir. The activity of GPx in diabetic rats fed three kinds of kefir were higher (p<0.01) than untreated diabetic rats. The average number of Langerhans and β-cells in diabetic rats fed kefir combination was the same as the normal control, but it was higher than diabetic control. It was concluded that kefir combination can be used as antidiabetic through maintaining in serum triglyceride, decreasing in plasma glucose, increasing in GPx activity and improving in pancreatic β-cells.
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of kefir combination from goat milk and soy milk on lipid profile, plasma glucose, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and the improvement of pancreatic β-cell in diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into five treatments: normal control, diabetic control, goat milk kefir, combination of goat milk-soy milk kefir and soy milk kefir. All rats were induced by streptooztocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA), except for normal control. After 35 d experiment, the rats were sampled for blood, sacrificed and sampled for pancreatic tissues. Results showed that diabetic rats fed kefir combination had higher (p<0.05) triglyceride than the rats fed goat milk or soy milk kefir. Decreasing of plasma glucose in diabetic rats fed kefir combination was higher (p<0.05) than rats fed goat millk kefir. The activity of GPx in diabetic rats fed three kinds of kefir were higher (p<0.01) than untreated diabetic rats. The average number of Langerhans and β-cells in diabetic rats fed kefir combination was the same as the normal control, but it was higher than diabetic control. It was concluded that kefir combination can be used as antidiabetic through maintaining in serum triglyceride, decreasing in plasma glucose, increasing in GPx activity and improving in pancreatic β-cells.
Goat milk and soy milk were pasteurized for 10 min at 90℃. The pasteurized milk were devided into 5 groups of kefir combination from goat and soy milk (100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 0:100) and cooled at room temperature. Kefir grain was inoculated into pasteurized milk as much as 2% and incubated at room temperature for 18 h (Kesenkas et al.
Therefore, it needs a proper strategy through the consumption of functional foods which has potentially maintain the β-cells. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of kefir combination from goat milk and soy milk on lipid profile, blood glucose levels, glutathione peroxidase activity and on improving of pancreatic β-cells in STZ-NA- induced diabetic rats.
이론/모형
Determination of glucose in plasma was done by enzymatic photometric test using Glucose Oxidase Phenol 4-Aminoantipyrine Peroxidase (GPO-PAP) method according to instructions in Kit (Dia Sys, Holzheim, Germany). Glucose is oxidized enzymatically by glucose oxidase.
Lipid profile of blood serum in rats were analyzed by enzymatic-photometric methods using Kit from DiaSys (Diagnostic Systems GmbH & Co) by Photometer (Merck-Microlab 300) at 540 nm
성능/효과
Similar with the previous study by Zafar and Naqvi (2010), that showed an association between hyperglycemia and decreased body weight of diabetic animals. According to the study, it was demonstrated that STZ was effective in producing severe hyperglycaemia in experimental animals. The STZ through its direct alkylating action could cause cellular necrosis andselective destruction of the β-cells producing hyperglycaemia at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight.
Diabetic rats fed a combination of goat milk and soy milk kefir with a 50:50 proportion had higher triglyceride levels than untreated diabetic rats, but there was no difference with rats fed goat milk kefir and soy milk kefir. This suggests that the breakdown of triglycerides in rats fed kefir combination less than untreated diabetic rats (positive control).
There was no induction of STZ in the normal rats, so there was no change in morphological of pancreatic β-cells. Different from untreated diabetic rats, it was very difficult to find Langerhans islets and β-cells, because the cell density had been changed and damaged in β-cells. Thus, no blue colour (very rarely found) in Victoria-blue staining which was specific for beta cells cytoplasm.
Feeding three types of kefir could not increase the total cholesterol in diabetic rats, but there was a tendency that diabetic rats fed goat milk kefir have higher cholesterol levels, even though statistically not significant (Table 3). When compared with normal rats, levels of total cholesterol in rats fed goat milk kefir was higher, although it is still below the normal range of cholesterol levels (around 100-200 mg/dL) (Poonuru et al.
This effect might be due to the direct scavenging activity of the genistein phenolic ring, activation of antioxidant defense gene transcription, and modulation of ROS producing enzyme expression (Yoon and Park, 2014). However, in this study have demonstrated that an increase in GPx activity in diabetic rats was more influenced by goat milk components in kefir.
In conclusion, the antidiabetic effect of kefir could be enhanced by a combination of goat milk and soy milk (1:1) in kefir fermentation due to the synergistic effect between goat milk and soy milk compounds. Kefir combination from goat milk and soy milk, had no negative effect on the lipid profile of blood serum in diabetic rats, even goat milk kefir could increase the highest percentage in HDL by 52% in diabetic rats compared to normal rats.
In fermented soy milk and yacon using lactic acid bacteria, whereas fermentation in this study using kefir grain containing lactic acid bacteria and yeast. In fact goat milk kefir had positive effect on increasing serum HDL in diabetic rats compared with normal rats without kefir. It is possible that bioactive components in goat milk kefir were superior compared to soy milk kefir.
Increased HDL levels in diabetic rats fed goat milk kefir by 52%, whereas in rats fed soy milk kefir increased of HDL only 13%, and in rats fed kefir combination it decreased by 9.58%. The results were consistent with a previous studies by Roselino et al.
In conclusion, the antidiabetic effect of kefir could be enhanced by a combination of goat milk and soy milk (1:1) in kefir fermentation due to the synergistic effect between goat milk and soy milk compounds. Kefir combination from goat milk and soy milk, had no negative effect on the lipid profile of blood serum in diabetic rats, even goat milk kefir could increase the highest percentage in HDL by 52% in diabetic rats compared to normal rats. The kefir combination also could maintain triglyceride level in diabetic rats.
1). Normal rats showed strongly stained by Victoria blue, so that it was too easy to find Langerhans islets and β-cells (Fig. 1A).
It is known that milk contains proteins and bioactive peptides can act as immunomodulators and antioxidants (Zimecki and Kruzel, 2000). STZ in this study proved to decrease triglyceride levels in diabetic rats, so that it causes serum triglycerides decreased significantly compared to normal rats (Table 3). STZ known selective for pancreatic beta cell cytotoxicity and has been used extensively to induce type 1 diabetes in animals.
The decreased body weight of rats was due to the STZ induction which lead to hyperglycemia. In the present study, the rats were induced with STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg and NA at a dose of 120 mg/kg to induce type 2 DM.
This result was similar to a previous study using Victoria-blue and H & E staining, that untreated diabetic rats showed shrunken islets of Langerhans displaying degenerative and necrotic changes, and decreased cellular density
Three types of kefir given to diabetic rats had no effect on LDL cholesterol, but the diabetic rats fed goat milk kefir have higher LDL cholesterol levels compared to normal rats (Table 3). This result was similar to a previous study by Roselino et al.
In the present study, goat milk kefir contained more whey protein compared to combination of goat milk-soy milk kefir or soy milk kefir. Thus, diabetic rats received goat milk kefir had higher GPx activity than the rats fed soy milk kefir or combination of goat milk-soy milk kefir, although the differences were not significant. Probably, to increase GPx activity significantly in diabetic rats is required more whey component in kefir.
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