Lamichhane, Dirga Kumar
(Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine)
,
Leem, Jong-Han
(Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine)
,
Lee, Ji-Young
(Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine)
,
Kim, Hwan-Cheol
(Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine)
Objectives The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to provide summarized evidence on the association between maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and birth weight (BW) and preterm birth (PTB) after taking into consideration the potential confounding effect of materna...
Objectives The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to provide summarized evidence on the association between maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and birth weight (BW) and preterm birth (PTB) after taking into consideration the potential confounding effect of maternal smoking. Methods We systematically searched all published cohort and case-control studies examining BW and PTB association with particulate matter (PM, less than or equal to $2.5{\mu}m$ and $10.0{\mu}m$ in diameter, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$, respectively) from PubMed and Web of Science, from January 1980 to April 2015. We extracted coefficients for continuous BW and odds ratio (OR) for PTB from each individual study, and meta-analysis was used to combine the coefficient and OR of individual studies. The methodological quality of individual study was assessed using a standard protocol proposed by Downs and Black. Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Results In random effects meta-analyses, BW as a continuous outcome was negatively associated with $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in $PM_{10}$ (-10.31 g; 95% confidence interval [CI], -13.57 to -3.13 g; I-squared=0%, p=0.947) and $PM_{2.5}$ (-22.17 g; 95% CI, -37.93 to -6.41 g; Isquared=92.3%, p<0.001) exposure during entire pregnancy, adjusted for maternal smoking. A significantly increased risk of PTB per $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in $PM_{10}$ (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.41; I-squared=0%, p=0.977) and $PM_{2.5}$ (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.22; I-squared=92.5%, p<0.001) exposure during entire pregnancy was observed. Effect size of change in BW per $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in PM tended to report stronger associations after adjustment for maternal smoking. Conclusions While this systematic review supports an adverse impact of maternal exposure to particulate air pollution on birth outcomes, variation in effects by exposure period and sources of heterogeneity between studies should be further explored.
Objectives The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to provide summarized evidence on the association between maternal exposure to particulate air pollution and birth weight (BW) and preterm birth (PTB) after taking into consideration the potential confounding effect of maternal smoking. Methods We systematically searched all published cohort and case-control studies examining BW and PTB association with particulate matter (PM, less than or equal to $2.5{\mu}m$ and $10.0{\mu}m$ in diameter, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$, respectively) from PubMed and Web of Science, from January 1980 to April 2015. We extracted coefficients for continuous BW and odds ratio (OR) for PTB from each individual study, and meta-analysis was used to combine the coefficient and OR of individual studies. The methodological quality of individual study was assessed using a standard protocol proposed by Downs and Black. Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Results In random effects meta-analyses, BW as a continuous outcome was negatively associated with $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in $PM_{10}$ (-10.31 g; 95% confidence interval [CI], -13.57 to -3.13 g; I-squared=0%, p=0.947) and $PM_{2.5}$ (-22.17 g; 95% CI, -37.93 to -6.41 g; Isquared=92.3%, p<0.001) exposure during entire pregnancy, adjusted for maternal smoking. A significantly increased risk of PTB per $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in $PM_{10}$ (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.41; I-squared=0%, p=0.977) and $PM_{2.5}$ (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.22; I-squared=92.5%, p<0.001) exposure during entire pregnancy was observed. Effect size of change in BW per $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in PM tended to report stronger associations after adjustment for maternal smoking. Conclusions While this systematic review supports an adverse impact of maternal exposure to particulate air pollution on birth outcomes, variation in effects by exposure period and sources of heterogeneity between studies should be further explored.
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제안 방법
After full review, data extraction from relevant studies was performed independently by two investigators, using standard template. The template included information on study design, location, dates of data collection, data sources, sample size, descriptive information on study subject characteristics, outcome frequency, distribution of exposure, method of exposure characterization, statistical analysis methods, ES estimates, and covariates examined jointly with air pollution.
In order to facilitate comparisons of ES from different studies, all risk estimates were converted to a common exposure unit of 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 or PM2.5.
However, this study was mainly based on center-specific effect estimates and maternal smoking was not included in their meta-regression analysis. One advantage of this review is that we appraised all individual studies included in the outcome specific analysis according to a structured and validated checklist, helping us to present quality assessment of methodological rigor of studies in a more organized and standardized way. The included studies allowed us to explore possible exposure-response relationship according to a critical exposure period, which offers another advantage of this meta-analysis.
PM, particulate matte; PM10, PM less than or equal to 10 μm in diameter; PM2.5, PM less than or equal to 2.5 μm in diameter; CI, confidence interval; n, number of studies to conduct a meta-analysis; NS, not sufficient number of studies to conduct a meta-analysis.
After full review, data extraction from relevant studies was performed independently by two investigators, using standard template. The template included information on study design, location, dates of data collection, data sources, sample size, descriptive information on study subject characteristics, outcome frequency, distribution of exposure, method of exposure characterization, statistical analysis methods, ES estimates, and covariates examined jointly with air pollution. We extracted the smoking adjusted and smoking unadjusted effect measures separately from the original studies.
This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to provide summarized evidence of the associations between PM (less than or equal to 2.5 μm in diameter. PM2.5 and PM10) and BW and PTB, by providing summary estimates of effect by gestational period and taking into consideration the potential confounding effect of maternal smoking.
This systematic review has updated current scientific evidence and shows that decrease in BW per 10 μg/m3 increase in particulate matter (PM2.5 or PM10) during pregnancy; a decreased BW estimated with smoking-adjusted studies was consistently higher than the weight estimated with smoking unadjusted studies.
대상 데이터
Table 1 summarizes the main characteristics of individual studies. A total of 44 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Most studies employed a retrospective cohort design using administrative birth data, while four were case-control studies.
데이터처리
Two reviewers had independently reviewed each study included in the analysis, and there were no substantial difference between the judgments of these two reviewers regarding the quality of individual studies. The quality of a study was determined through comparing its score with the median score calculated for all studies included in meta-analysis. A relatively high quality study referred to a score greater than or equal to the median; otherwise, the study was considered as relatively low quality.
성능/효과
Combination of studies that were based on methodological quality and confounding effect of smoking for PTB indicated mixed associations (Figures S3 and S4). We found the pooled smoking-adjusted OR (0.97; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.08; Isquared = 57.9%, p= 0.093) was smaller than that without adjustment for smoking (pooled OR, 1.04; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.06; Isquared = 0.0%, p= 0.449) for the third trimester of exposures (Table 2), suggesting that a residual confounding of around 6.73% (1-0.97/1.04) was likely from smoking. Furthermore, we analyzed the studies by using the combination of third trimester or entire pregnancy into single group and stratified by smoking adjusted vs.
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