[논문]탄소가격정책의 분배적 함의: 가계동향조사자료와 환경산업연관분석 (EEIO)을 이용해

김하나

doi:10.17330/joep.14.2.201506.101

탄소가격정책의 분배적 함의: 가계동향조사자료와 환경산업연관분석 (EEIO)을 이용해
The Comprehensive Equity Implications of a Carbon Pricing Policy in South Korea: Based on Environmentally Extended Input Output Analysis Together with Household Expenditure Data 원문보기

환경정책연구 = Journal of environmental policy, v.14 no.2, 2015년, pp.101 - 131

김하나 (연세대학교 법학연구원)

초록
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한국은 2015년부터 총 국가배출량의 60%를 차지하는 탄소 배출권 거래제를 시행하고 있다. 선진국에서 탄소가격 정책은 다양한 사회경제적 구성 집단 사이의 소득 불균형을 심화시키는 것으로 밝혀진 바 있다. 현재 한국 사회는 분배적인 문제뿐 아니라, 에너지 안보, 기후변화 대응, 경제 성장 등 다양한 과제에 직면하고 있다. 이런 상황에서 탄소가격정책이 소득 분배적인 측면에 미칠 영향을 분석하고, 이 분석결과를 바탕으로 대응책을 마련할 필요가 있다. 가계동향조사자료와 환경투입산출분석(EEIO)을 이용해 분석한 결과 저소득 가구, 노인가구와 도시가구가 탄소가격정책으로 인해 상대적으로 무거운 부담을 지는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 세수의 일부가 가구에 재분배 될 경우 이러한 부담은 경감될 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

A cap-and-trade program accounting for 60 percent of total national greenhouse gas emissions was launched in South Korea in 2015. Academic literature expects that the implementation of such a policy is likely to adversely impact income distribution among various socioeconomic groups in developed countries. South Korea is challenged by equity issues, as well circumstances, the distributional implications of carbon pricing policies need to be examined and reflected in the design of the program prior to implementation in order not to exacerbate social inequity. Using environmentally extended input-output analysis together with household expenditure data, this study finds that a carbon pricing policy will be regressive in South Korea, but the extent depends on whether relative burdens of a carbon pricing policy are measured based on current incomes or proxies of permanent incomes. Along with poor households, this paper finds that elderly and urban households will be more adversely impacted in South Korea. These burdens can be relieved if a small fraction of the revenue is redistributed to households.

주제어

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문제 정의

This study also tested the impacts of revenue recycling scenarios based on lump‐ sum transfers. However, revenue can be recycled in other ways, for example, assistance for weatherization in low‐income households.
The ratio of increased expenditure to disposable income⁴⁾ is compared by household group. This study assesses how revenue recycling relieves the disproportionate distribution of burdens of the implementation. In addition, to avoid the bias of current income, the distribution of burdens among different income households is analyzed using proxies for permanent income.
This study conducted IO analysis to explore the distributional implications of a carbon pricing policy among different socioeconomic groups in South Korea and examine how effectively revenue recycling relieves the regressivity of the tax. Similar to the findings of Hasset et al.

가설 설정

Although public transfers such as Social Security, Social Security Income and Supplemental Nutrition Action Payments compensate part of the burdens, they do not cover the entire tax burden. The author argued that a carbon tax would exacerbate distributional inequity without appropriate countermeasures. However, revenue recycling can relieve the burdens on elderly‐headed‐households.
(2011) used two proxies for lifetime income: (1) the total income of households where the head is between 40 and 60 years of age¹⁵⁾ and (2) education levels of households. To discuss how distributional implications vary depending upon the influence of the unit of measurement, this study estimates the distribution of burdens between different income households using three proxies for permanent income.

제안 방법

In order to extend the findings of previous studies, this study aims to evaluate the equity implications of a carbon tax along different dimensions: (1) between different income levels, (2) according to the age of the head of household, and (3) between urban and rural households. The ratio of increased expenditure to disposable income⁴⁾ is compared by household group.
This study analyzes the distributional impacts of an illustrative carbon price of $15 per ton of CO_2⁷⁾, and additionally assesses how the distribution of the burdens would be different if the revenue were recycled through a lump‐sum transfer to households on an equal per capita basis or an equal per household basis. To achieve these research objectives, this study estimates sectoral CO₂ emissions by constructing an environmentally extended IO⁸⁾ table (EEIO) rather than using CO₂ intensities estimated by a previous study (Grainger and Kolstad, 2010).
This study found that the carbon tax can exacerbate inequity through the disproportionate distribution of the burdens among socioeconomic groups, using environmentally extended IO analysis with a household expenditure dataset. In South Korea, distribution between the poor and the wealthy or the young and the elderly or urban and rural households has been challenging the development and coherence of this society.
) and (3) table of Energy Balance (Korea Energy Economics Institute [KEEI]^{, 2012)}. This study reorganizes the original IO table and HSD and constructs the 35‐industry ‐sectors‐by‐35‐industry‐sector IO table and three matrixes that describe the expenditure profiles of different socioeconomic groups (expenditures on 26 consumer goods by 10 different income groups, 5 different age groups and 2 different location groups). 35 industries and 26 expenditure categories can be identified in Figure A.
, and additionally assesses how the distribution of the burdens would be different if the revenue were recycled through a lump‐sum transfer to households on an equal per capita basis or an equal per household basis. To achieve these research objectives, this study estimates sectoral CO₂ emissions by constructing an environmentally extended IO⁸⁾ table (EEIO) rather than using CO₂ intensities estimated by a previous study (Grainger and Kolstad, 2010).
To assess the equity impacts of a carbon tax, this study conducts Input‐Output (IO) analysis. Three datasets are used: (1) IO table of producer prices in2009⁵⁾ (Bank of Korea, n.

대상 데이터

To assess the equity impacts of a carbon tax, this study conducts Input‐Output (IO) analysis. Three datasets are used: (1) IO table of producer prices in2009⁵⁾ (Bank of Korea, n.d.), (2) Household Survey Data (HSD) in2009⁶⁾ (Statistics Korea, n.d.) and (3) table of Energy Balance (Korea Energy Economics Institute [KEEI]^{, 2012)}. This study reorganizes the original IO table and HSD and constructs the 35‐industry ‐sectors‐by‐35‐industry‐sector IO table and three matrixes that describe the expenditure profiles of different socioeconomic groups (expenditures on 26 consumer goods by 10 different income groups, 5 different age groups and 2 different location groups).

성능/효과

First, HSD has been classified into ten income groups according to the total income/gross income. The first decile refers to households with the lowest income, and the tenth decile is the wealthiest group.
Second, domestic and imported energy prices are derived, comparing the IO table and the energy balance table¹⁰⁾. Third, total primary energy consumptions (TPECs) by sector and fuel are estimated by dividing the elements of energy sectors of the IO table, which are originally presented in a monetary unit^,11) by the energy prices. Once sectoral TPECs are estimated, the amount of energy used as raw materials such as naphtha and other petroleum products is subtracted to avoid overstating CO₂ emissions.

참고문헌 (10)

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상세보기
Environmental Science & Technology Kuishuang Feng 44 10 3670 10.1021/es902974g

상세보기
Energy Journal Hassett K. 30 2 155 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol30-No2-8

상세보기
Environmental and Resource Economics Review Kim, J. 20 2 199

원문보기 상세보기
Public Finance Kim, S. 155 8
Environmental and Resource Economics Review Kim, Y. 15 3 425

원문보기 상세보기
Ecological Economics Tobias Kronenberg 68 10 2637 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.016

상세보기
Energy Policy Aparna Mathur 66 326 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.047

상세보기
American Economics Poterba, J. M. 5 145
Energy Economics Rausch, S. 33 S1 S20

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