Abbaszadegan, Abbas
(Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences)
,
Gholami, Ahmad
(Departments of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences)
,
Mirhadi, Hosein
(Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences)
,
Saliminasab, Mina
(Students' Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences)
,
Kazemi, Aboozar
(Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences)
,
Moein, Mahmood Reza
(Departments of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences)
Objectives: The usage of medicinal plants as natural antimicrobial agents has grown in many fields including dental medicine. The aim of this in vitro study was three-fold: (i) to determine the chemical compositions of the Ferula gummosa essential oil (FGEO), (ii) to compare the antimicrobial effica...
Objectives: The usage of medicinal plants as natural antimicrobial agents has grown in many fields including dental medicine. The aim of this in vitro study was three-fold: (i) to determine the chemical compositions of the Ferula gummosa essential oil (FGEO), (ii) to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of the oil with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX), (iii) to assess the toxic behavior of FGEO in different concentrations compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX. Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the chemical compositions of the oil. The disk diffusion method and a broth micro-dilution susceptibility assay were exploited to assess the antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, and Candida albicans. The cytocompatibility of the FGEO was assessed on L929 fibroblasts, and compared to that of NaOCl and CHX. Results: Twenty-seven constituents were recognized in FGEO. The major component of the oil was ${\beta}$-pinene (51.83%). All three irrigants significantly inhibited the growth of all examined microorganisms compared to the negative control group. FGEO at $50{\mu}g/mL$ was effective in lower concentration against Enterococcus faecalis than 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX, and was also more potent than 0.2% CHX against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. FGEO was a cytocompatible solution, and had significantly lower toxicity compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX. Conclusions: FGEO showed a promising biological potency as a root canal disinfectant. More investigations are required on the effectiveness of this oil on intracanal bacterial biofilms.
Objectives: The usage of medicinal plants as natural antimicrobial agents has grown in many fields including dental medicine. The aim of this in vitro study was three-fold: (i) to determine the chemical compositions of the Ferula gummosa essential oil (FGEO), (ii) to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of the oil with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX), (iii) to assess the toxic behavior of FGEO in different concentrations compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX. Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the chemical compositions of the oil. The disk diffusion method and a broth micro-dilution susceptibility assay were exploited to assess the antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, and Candida albicans. The cytocompatibility of the FGEO was assessed on L929 fibroblasts, and compared to that of NaOCl and CHX. Results: Twenty-seven constituents were recognized in FGEO. The major component of the oil was ${\beta}$-pinene (51.83%). All three irrigants significantly inhibited the growth of all examined microorganisms compared to the negative control group. FGEO at $50{\mu}g/mL$ was effective in lower concentration against Enterococcus faecalis than 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX, and was also more potent than 0.2% CHX against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. FGEO was a cytocompatible solution, and had significantly lower toxicity compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX. Conclusions: FGEO showed a promising biological potency as a root canal disinfectant. More investigations are required on the effectiveness of this oil on intracanal bacterial biofilms.
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문제 정의
In this study, we first analyzed the chemical components of FGEO to avoid the lack of standardization and to have better understanding of its mode of action. Then, we selected various microorganisms commonly found in endodontic failures for antimicrobial assessments.
Mina Saliminasab. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Mehrdad Vosooghi and Dr. Shahram Hamedani, Abbaszadegan A et al. of the Research Development Center, for their valuable comments to improve the quality of this work.
제안 방법
The results were initially confirmed matching them with the previously known standard samples. Further, GC/MS analysis was performed to determine all component ingredients of the oil. A total of 27 constituents were recognized in FGEO in which β-pinene was found as the major component, and α-pinene, δ3-carene, β-phellandrene and carvacrol methyl ether as minor components.
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out by using Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph connected with a mass detector (Model 5975C, Agilent technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). For the purpose of analyzing the plant essential oil, the gas chromatograph was equipped with a HP-5MS capillary column (phenyl methyl siloxane, 30 m × 0.
In this study, the purchased sample of FG was first subjected to HPTLC analysis for the initial screening of the tested plant material and to confirm its nature. The results were initially confirmed matching them with the previously known standard samples.
대상 데이터
Ampicillin was regarded as positive and DMSO as negative controls. All experiments were performed in triplicate. To determine the MICs against Candida albicans, ten-fold serial dilutions of each experimental and control solution were prepared by Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium.
The absorption of the solution was read at a wavelength of 540 nm with the aid of an ELISA plate reader (PowerWave X52, BioTek Instruments, Potton, UK). All tests were performed in triplicate. The mean cell viability values were expressed as percentage of negative control.
Among persistent root canal microorganisms, three bacterial strains including Enterococcus faecalis (AGH04), Streptococcus mitis (ATCC 49456), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and one fungal strain, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), were selected to include in this study.
FG oleo gum resin was purchased from Jokar Trading Company, Shiraz, Iran. This sample was collected from Firouz kooh, Iran in spring 2010 and identified by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique using standard samples.
Besides, amphotericin B (Sigma Aldrich, 100µL/mL) was regarded as a positive control in this phase. It is noteworthy that all experimental tests were performed in triplicate.
데이터처리
Multiple comparison was performed using One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD test.
One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were used to evaluate the differences in the mean cell viability values of the experimental solutions. A level of p < 0.
The results obtained from disc diffusion test were analyzed using Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple comparison was performed using One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD test.
이론/모형
The authors thank the Vice-Chancellery of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for supporting this research (Grant # 92-01-03-5816). This manuscript is based on the thesis by Dr. Mina Saliminasab. The authors would also like to thank Dr.
성능/효과
Furthermore, it was significantly less effective against Streptococcus mitis than other microorganisms tested. According to the results of microdilution susceptibility test, FGEO was found to have more potency (smaller MIC) against Enterococcus faecalis than NaOCl and CHX, although its effectiveness was similar to NaOCl against Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The oil was also potent in lower concentration compared to CHX against all organisms except Streptococcus mitis.
The same procedure was used to measure minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), using sabouraud dextrose agar. The MBC and MFC values were characterized as the lowest concentration possessing a mortality rate of 98% of the microorganisms in the primary inoculums, and this occurred when less than 4 visible colonies can be detected after 24 hour incubation at 37℃ in agar plates.
The results of the current study showed that FGEO at 50μL/mL inhibited the growth of all microorganisms with the inhibition zones of 17.5 - 25 mm in diameter.
Under the experimental conditions of this study, it can be concluded that FGEO is a cytocompatible solution and has a favorable antimicrobial effectiveness against endodontic pathogens. More investigations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of FGEO on bacterial biofilms present in infected root canals.
후속연구
Under the experimental conditions of this study, it can be concluded that FGEO is a cytocompatible solution and has a favorable antimicrobial effectiveness against endodontic pathogens. More investigations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of FGEO on bacterial biofilms present in infected root canals.
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