This study compared English and Korean speakers with regard to the nasalization of the English stops /b, d, g, p, t, k/before a nasal within and across a word boundary. Nine English and thirty Korean speakers participated in the experiment. We used 37 speech items with different grammatical structur...
This study compared English and Korean speakers with regard to the nasalization of the English stops /b, d, g, p, t, k/before a nasal within and across a word boundary. Nine English and thirty Korean speakers participated in the experiment. We used 37 speech items with different grammatical structures. Overall the English informants rarely nasalized the stops while the Korean informants generally greatly nasalized them though widely varying from no nasalization to almost complete nasalization. In general, voiced stops were more likely to be nasalized than voiceless stops. Also, the alveolar stops /d, t/tended to be nasalized the most, the bilabial stops /b, p/ the second most, and the velar stops /g, k/ the least. Besides, the closer the grammatical relationship between neighboring words, the more likely the stop nasalization occurred. In contrast, the Korean syllabification - the addition of the vowel /i/ to the final stops - worked against the stop nasalization. On the other hand, different stress (accent) or rhythm effects of the two languages are assumed to contribute to the significantly different nasalization between English and Korean speakers. The spectrum of stop nasalization obtained from this study can be used as an index to measure how close a certain Korean speaker's stop nasalization is to English speakers'.
This study compared English and Korean speakers with regard to the nasalization of the English stops /b, d, g, p, t, k/before a nasal within and across a word boundary. Nine English and thirty Korean speakers participated in the experiment. We used 37 speech items with different grammatical structures. Overall the English informants rarely nasalized the stops while the Korean informants generally greatly nasalized them though widely varying from no nasalization to almost complete nasalization. In general, voiced stops were more likely to be nasalized than voiceless stops. Also, the alveolar stops /d, t/tended to be nasalized the most, the bilabial stops /b, p/ the second most, and the velar stops /g, k/ the least. Besides, the closer the grammatical relationship between neighboring words, the more likely the stop nasalization occurred. In contrast, the Korean syllabification - the addition of the vowel /i/ to the final stops - worked against the stop nasalization. On the other hand, different stress (accent) or rhythm effects of the two languages are assumed to contribute to the significantly different nasalization between English and Korean speakers. The spectrum of stop nasalization obtained from this study can be used as an index to measure how close a certain Korean speaker's stop nasalization is to English speakers'.
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문제 정의
The results of this study can help Koreans to improve their English pronunciation with reference to the stop nasalization. In reality, many Korean students do not have opportunities to properly correct their poor English pronunciations.
They often finish their school education even without knowing what the problems are in their English pronunciation. Therefore, regarding the stop nasalization at least, the results of this research suggest a kind of standard to follow for both Korean teachers and students. In other words, we have now obtained a spectrum or a continuum concerning the frequency or degree of stop nasalization.
This study informs us of the phonetic and phonological meanings the English stop nasalization has for English and Korean speakers. To summarise, English speakers rarely nasalize the English stops before a nasal sound while Korean speakers generally greatly nasalize them though widely varying from no nasalization to almost complete nasalization.
가설 설정
Second, the syllabic structure differs between languages. For example, Korean has only four types of syllabic structures, i.
제안 방법
They were asked to report, if there is, the period of their staying abroad, or attending an international school or a foreign language high school, etc. The information was collected to examine any possible relationship with the English stop nasalization (see Table 1).
, goobness, goopness, ukmost) are nonsense words paired with item 2 goodness or item 5 utmost. This research mainly targeted at the stop nasalization across a word boundary, but it was also designed to compare the nasalization within and across a word boundary.
대상 데이터
At the time of recording, they were all professors with an MA or a PhD degree, who were at their 20's to 40's, for the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies.
First, nine English native speakers (four Canadian males, two American males, one American female, one British male, one New Zealand male) participated in the recording. At the time of recording, they were all professors with an MA or a PhD degree, who were at their 20's to 40's, for the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies.
Recording was conducted in the recording booth in the Linguistic Research Institute of the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and it was directly saved onto the computer. The purpose of the research was not informed to the subjects.
Second, 30 (13 male and 17 female) Korean native speakers aged 20's with the Seoul accent were also used as informants.
데이터처리
The judgements were made based on spectrograms and waveforms produced by Praat. For the analysis of the data, we obtained sums, averages, standard deviations, and performed a Chi-squared test and ANOVAs followed by post-hoc pairwise comparisons.
For the comparable items 1 to 6 and items 7 to 12 was run a three-way repeated measures (henceforth, RM) ANOVA with Boundary, Voicing, and Place as factors. The first factor Boundary had no significant effect on the nasalization: [F (1, 29) = 2.
In order to verify the effect of the factor Structure on the nasalization, a three-way RM ANOVA with Structure, Voicing and Place as factors was performed for items 7 to 12 with the structure of (Adj+N) and items 13 to 18 with the structure of (SNP+VP). The results revealed that the factors Structure [F (1, 29) = 22.
성능/효과
For the comparable items 1 to 6 and items 7 to 12 was run a three-way repeated measures (henceforth, RM) ANOVA with Boundary, Voicing, and Place as factors. The first factor Boundary had no significant effect on the nasalization: [F (1, 29) = 2.370, p = 0.135]. Thus, the difference in the total nasalization rates caused by the factor Boundary proved statistically not significant between the two groups of items.
The results revealed that the factors Structure [F (1, 29) = 22.561, p = 0.000] and Place [F (2, 58) = 18.395, p = 0.000] had a significant effect on the nasalization while the factor Voicing [F (1, 29) = 3.126, p = 0.052] narrowly missed the significance level (p < 0.05).
참고문헌 (8)
Fromkin, F., Rodman, R. & Hyams, N. (2011) An Introduction to Language, 9th edition, Wardsworth Cengage Learning.
Gimson, A. C. (1989) An introduction to the pronunciation of English, 4th ed., Revised by Ramsaran, S., London: Edward Arnold.
Kang, Seok-keun & Lee, Jeui-cheon (2001) A Study on the Influence of Korean Phonological Phenomenon on English Pronunciation Acquisition, Korean Journal of Linguistics, 26(3), 417-444.
Pool, S. C. (1999) An introduction to Linguistics, Macmillan Press LTD, London.
Roach, P. (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, A practical course, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press.
Seo, M. S., Kim, H. S., Shin, J. Y. & Kim, K. H. (2005) A Study on the Production of a Stop Plus Nasal Sequence in English Words by Korean Learners, Speech Sciences 12(3), 165-173.
Yun, I. (2000) Good Morning or Goon/Goom Morning?, The Second Seoul International Conference on Phonetic Sciences - English Phonetics and Pronunciation Teaching, The Phonetic Society of Korea/English Phonetic Society of Japan, 135-138.
Yun, I. (2008) Stress Effects on Korean Vowels with reference to Rhythm, Malsori, 67, 1-16.
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