Objective: Pilates is a low/mid-intensity exercise that can be easily performed by elderly individuals as it is an individual body-oriented exercise. It is also a cardio workout that can be performed anywhere to develop strength and flexibility. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 8 week Pilat...
Objective: Pilates is a low/mid-intensity exercise that can be easily performed by elderly individuals as it is an individual body-oriented exercise. It is also a cardio workout that can be performed anywhere to develop strength and flexibility. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 8 week Pilates program on the balancing ability of elderly individuals. Method: The research participants were selected from elderly residents in B city. Ten individuals voluntarily signed an agreement to undergo free measurements as well as to participate in the workout program. (Height: $157.1{\pm}11.9cm$, Weight: $61.7{\pm}8.0kg$). The Pilates exercise was performed 60 minutes a day, three times a week for a total of eight weeks. The measurement variables used to test balance were the vestibular test, 5 m habitual and maximum walk test and 3 m tandem walk test. A series of paired t-test were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 to analyze all the research data collected in order to determine the balance ability of the participants before and after the Pilates program. Additionally, the statistically significant level for all analysis was set to ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: In the vestibular test, some meaningful changes were observed in the length envelope area (ENV) while standing on one foot, but there were no significant differences in the ENV, rectangle(REC), root mean square, and total length. Results also revealed that statistically significant differences existed in the 5 m habitual and maximum walk test, as well as the 3 m tandem walk test. Conclusion: To summarize the findings, the 8 week Pilates program employed in this study significantly improved the dynamic balance of the elderly participants. Thus, elderly individuals that frequent perform Pilates are expected to enjoy positive benefits such as increased balance and fewer falling accidents.
Objective: Pilates is a low/mid-intensity exercise that can be easily performed by elderly individuals as it is an individual body-oriented exercise. It is also a cardio workout that can be performed anywhere to develop strength and flexibility. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 8 week Pilates program on the balancing ability of elderly individuals. Method: The research participants were selected from elderly residents in B city. Ten individuals voluntarily signed an agreement to undergo free measurements as well as to participate in the workout program. (Height: $157.1{\pm}11.9cm$, Weight: $61.7{\pm}8.0kg$). The Pilates exercise was performed 60 minutes a day, three times a week for a total of eight weeks. The measurement variables used to test balance were the vestibular test, 5 m habitual and maximum walk test and 3 m tandem walk test. A series of paired t-test were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 to analyze all the research data collected in order to determine the balance ability of the participants before and after the Pilates program. Additionally, the statistically significant level for all analysis was set to ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: In the vestibular test, some meaningful changes were observed in the length envelope area (ENV) while standing on one foot, but there were no significant differences in the ENV, rectangle(REC), root mean square, and total length. Results also revealed that statistically significant differences existed in the 5 m habitual and maximum walk test, as well as the 3 m tandem walk test. Conclusion: To summarize the findings, the 8 week Pilates program employed in this study significantly improved the dynamic balance of the elderly participants. Thus, elderly individuals that frequent perform Pilates are expected to enjoy positive benefits such as increased balance and fewer falling accidents.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
First, each subject was asked to stand still on the force plate of the balance measuring equipment (Gaitview AFA-50; alFOOTs Co., Ltd., Korea) for 20 seconds with eyes open to measure the body's sway distance.
Fourth, each subject maintained a single leg stance on the equipment for 10 seconds with eyes closed while the postural swing distance was measured using the balance measuring equipment.
Stretching, Theraband exercises, and line dancing with an intensity of RPE 9~10 were performed for 10 minutes as warm-up. Cool-down consisted of stretching exercises with RPE of 9~10 for 10 minutes.
After completing the band exercise, Pilates exercise was performed for 40 minutes to sufficiently relax the muscles contracted by the band exercise. The 8-week Pilates exercise program consisted of Pilates exercise with an intensity of RPE 11~12 for 30 minutes per session during the first to the fourth week and an intensity of RPE 13~14 during the fifth to the eight week. The exercise intensity was maintained within a range of motion that did not cause pain to the joints.
The Pilates exercise program was offered three times a week, with 60 minutes per session for 8 weeks. The exercise intensity of the Pilates exercise program used in the present study was set using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) based on the Borg 15-step scale (1982).
Therefore, it is necessary to quantitatively examine the effects of Pilates exercise on dynamic balance while walking as well as on static balance associated with postural control in the elderly. The present study aims to quantitatively examine the effects of an 8-week Pilates exercise program on both dynamic balance and static balance in elderly individuals who participated in the Healthcare Project Program at S University in B Metropolitan City and to verify the effects of Pilates exercise on improving balance in elderly individuals.
Third, the subject maintained a single-leg stance on the balance measuring equipment for 10 seconds with eyes open while the postural swing distance was measured. The measurement was conducted with the eyes open and fixed on a marker attached to the front wall at 15°.
대상 데이터
The subjects were 10 elderly individuals (Gender: 3 male and 7 female, Age: 67±3.3 yrs, Height:157.1±11.9 cm, Weight: 61.7±8.0 kg) who participated in the Senior Healthcare Project exercise program at S University in B City and were selected by convenience sampling.
데이터처리
The data were subjected to a cleaning process to identify errors and to fix incorrectly entered data. The results for all variables were presented as mean (M]) and standard deviation (SD) using descriptive statistics, and the paired t-test was performed to analyze changes before and after the exercise program. The significance level for all statistical analyses was set to α= .
성능/효과
1. Pilates had positive effects on the static balance of the elderly subjects and improved the stability of their center of balance with eyes open and eyes closed, but there was no statistically significant difference. This is thought to be due to individual differences in balance ability.
2. The Pilates exercise program showed statistically significant differences in the 5 m habitual and maximum walk test and the 3 m tandem walk test in terms of the dynamic balance domain. These results suggest that Pilates exercise might improve overall gait function.
Comparison of the results before and after the 8-week Pilates exercise program showed a statistically significant change in dynamic balance from 14.11±3.89 sec before the exercise to 8.19±1.52 sec after the exercise (t=5.436, p=.000***).
Considering that balance ability was found to be improved after Pilates exercise, it can be concluded that as age increases, physical activity does not have an independent effect on vestibular function, but is effective in maintaining the body's balance ability by improving the response speed of the somatosensory and central nervous systems.
The results for static balance tests performed to measure balance while standing for 20 seconds and while maintaining a one-leg stance for 10 seconds with eyes open as well as eyes closed showed that, in general, there was a statistically positive change in the movement of the center of balance after the 8-week Pilates exercise program compared with the results before the program, but there was no statistically significant difference. This is thought to be due to individual differences in balance ability.
참고문헌 (45)
Alexander, N. B. (1994). Postural control in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42(1), 93-108.
Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Journal of Medical Science Sports Exercise, 14(5), 377-381.
Bae, K. H., Shin, J. H., Lee, J. S., Yang, J. O., Lee, B. J. & Park, S. B. (2016). Analyses of plantar foot pressure and static balance according to the type of insole in the elderly. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 26(1), 115-126.
Brooke-Wavell, K., Prelevic, G. M., Bakridan, C. & Ginsburg, J. (2001). Effects of physical activity and menopausal hormone replacement therapy on postural stability in postmenopausal women-a crosssectional study. Maturitas, 37(3), 167-172.
Dobbs, R. J., Charlett, A., Bowes, S. G., O'NEILL, C. J. A., Weller, C., Hughes, J. & Dobbs, S. M. (1993). Is this walk normal? Age and Ageing, 22(1), 27-30.
Duncan, P. W., Studenski, S., Chandler, J., Bloomfeld, R. & LaPointe, L. K. (1990). Electromyographic analysis of postural adjustments in two methods of balance testing. Physical Therapy, 70(2), 88-96.
Fujii, M., Goto, N. & Kikuchi, K. (1990). Nerve fiber analysis and the aging process of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 99(11), 863-870.
Hur, S. (2008). The Effect of Pilates on the Women Physical Strength and Fat: concentrate upon 20-30 ages. Un- published Master's Thesis. Graduate School of Korea National Sport University. Graduate School of Cheongju University.
Hwang, H. H. (2008). The Effect of Pilates Exercise Program on Health Related Physical Fitness in Salaried Women. Un- published Master's Thesis. Graduate School of Korea National Sport University.
Imms, F. J. & Edholm, O. G. (1981). Studies of gait and mobility in the elderly. Age and Ageing, 10(3), 147-156.
Jeon, H. J. (2007). Pilates For Life. Seoul: Haneon Publishing Co.
Jiang, T. F. (1993). High-frequency stabilization and high-order harmonic generation of an excited Morse oscillator under intense fields. Physical Review A, 48(5), 3995-3998.
Kang, K, H., Jeong, H. C. & Jeon, M. Y. (2001). A survey study on fallrelated fracture in hospitalized elderly patient. Journal of Keukdong College, 251-264.
Kim, B. Y. & Cho, H. C. (2007). The effects of walking exercise on the cardiovascular function and respiratory function in elderly women. Korean Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies, 31, 911-920.
Kim, C. B. & Shin, J. Y. (2007). Effects of 12-week aquatic exercise on gait in the falls experienced elderly women. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 17(4), 9-16.
Kim, H. S. (2000). Functional fitness and cardiorespiratory response to exercise training with dumbbell in the elderly. Korean Journal of Physical Educaction, 39(3), 432-442.
Kim, S. Y. (2005). The Effect of Pilates Mat Exercise of Middle-aged Womens' Physical Strength and Composition. Un- published Master's Thesis. Graduate School of Daejeon University.
Kollegger, H., Baumgartner, C., Wober, C., Oder, W. & Deecke, L. (1992). Spontaneous body sway as a function of sex, age, and vision: posturographic study in 30 healthy adults. European Neurology, 32(5), 253-259.
Lach, H. W., Reed, A. T., Arfken, C. L., Miller, J. P., Paige, G. D., Birge, S. J. & Peck, W. A. (1991). Falls in the elderly: reliability of a classification system. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39(2), 197-202.
Lee, J. C., Choi, S. O., Bae, J. J., Yoon, S. J. & Kang. K. H. (2010). Effect of Stretching Exercise on the Proprioceptive and Gait Ability in Elderly Women. Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies, 39(2), 575-586.
Lee, K. H. (2006). The Effect of Pilates Mat Exercise in 8 Weeks on Middle-aged Women's Body Composition, Lumbar Muscle and Flexibility. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Graduate School of Daejeon Health Sciences College.
Maki, B. E. (1997). Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45(3), 313-320.
Maki, B. E. & Whitelaw, R. S. (1993). Influence of expectation and arousal on center-of-pressure responses to transient postural perturbations. Journal of vestibular research: equilibrium & orientation.
Maki, B. E., Holliday, P. J. & Topper, A. K. (1994). A prospective study of postural balance and risk of falling in an ambulatory and independent elderly population. Journal of Gerontology, 49(2), 72-84.
Means, K. M., Rodell, D. E., O'Sullivan, P. S. & Cranford, L. A. (1996). Rehabilitation of elderly fallers: pilot study of a low to moderate intensity exercise program. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77(10), 1030-1036.
Mills, E. M. (1994). The effect of low intensity aerobic exercise on muscle strength flexibility and balance among sedentary elderly persons. Nursing Research, 43(4), 207-211.
Nashner, L. M., Black, F. O. & Wall, C. I. I. I. (1982). Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance: patients with vestibular deficits. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2(5), 536-544.
Nevitt, M. C., Cummings, S. R., Kidd, S. & Black, D. (1989). Risk factors for recurrent nonsyncopal falls: a prospective study. Jama, 261(18), 2663-2668.
Oak, J. S., Kim, J. I. & Im, J. H. (1999). Effects of exercise on physical fitness in aging. Exercise Science, 8(1), 9-30.
Park, J. Y. (2007). Dolly's Pilates. Seoul: Daehan media, Inc.
Pilates, J. H. & Miller, W. J. (1960). Return to life through contrology. Christopher Publishing House.
Sauvage Jr, L. R., Myklebust, B. M., Crow-Pan, J., Novak, S., Millington, P., Hoffman, M. D., Hartz, A. J. & Rudman, D. (1992). A clinical trial of strengthening and aerobic exercise to improve gait and balance in elderly male nursing home residents. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 71(6), 333-342.
Shinkai, S., Watanabe, S., Kumagai, S., Fujiwara, Y., Amano, H., Yoshida, H., Ishizaki, T., Yukawa, H., Suzuki, T. & Shibata, H. (2000). Walking speed as a good predictor for the onset of functional dependence in a Japanese rural community population. Age and Ageing, 29(5), 441-446.
Tobis J, S., Friis, R. & Reinsch, S. (1989). Impaired strength leads to falls in the community. Gerontologist, 29, 256-257.
Whipple, R. H., Wolfson, L. I. & Amerman, P. M. (1987). The relationship of knee and ankle weakness to falls in nursing home residents: an isokinetic study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35(1), 13-20.
Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., Frank, J. S. & Walt, S. E. (1990). Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly. Physical Therapy, 70(6), 340-347.
Woo, J., Ho, S. C., Lau, J., Chan, S. G. & Yuen, Y. K. (1995). Ageassociated gait changes in the elderly: pathological or physiological? Neuroepidemiology, 14(2), 65-71.
Woollacott, M. H., Shumway-Cook, A. & Nashner, L. M. (1986). Aging and posture control: changes in sensory organization and muscular coordination. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 23(2), 97-114.
Yi, J. H. & Chang, J. K. (2014). The Comparative Analysis of Gait Safety between Elderly Female and Adult Female. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 24(3), 249-258.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.