Objectives: In this study, we investigated the biodegradation rates of 8 perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) alternatives synthesized at the at Changwon National University in comparison to those of PFOS potassium salt and PFOS sodium salt. Methods: A biodegradability test was performed for 28 days with...
Objectives: In this study, we investigated the biodegradation rates of 8 perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) alternatives synthesized at the at Changwon National University in comparison to those of PFOS potassium salt and PFOS sodium salt. Methods: A biodegradability test was performed for 28 days with microorganisms cultured in the good laboratory practice laboratory at the Korea Environment Corporation following the OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Test No. 301 C Results: While $C_5H_8F_3SO_3K$, $C_8F_{17}SO_3K$ and $C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$ were not degraded after 28 days, the 3 alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 31.4% for $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$, 25.6% for $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$, 23.6% for $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$, 20.9% for $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$, 15.5% for $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$, 8.5% for $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ and 4.8% for $C_6H_8F_5SO_3K$. When the concentration was the same(500 mg/L), $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ had the lowest tension with 20.94 mN/m, which was followed by $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$ (23.36 mN/m), $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ (27.31 mN/m), $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$ (28.17 mN/m), $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$ (29.77 mN/m) and $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$ (33.89 mN/m). Having higher surface tension of 57.64 mN/m and 67.57 mN/m, respectively, than those of the two types of PFOS salts, $C_6H_8F_5SO_3K$ and $C_5H_8F_3SO_3K$ were found valueless as substitute for PFOS. Conclusion: The biodegradation test suggest that 6 compounds could be used as substitutes for PFOS. $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ and $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$ were found to be the best substitutes based on biodegradation rate and surface tension, followed by $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$, $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$ and $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$. $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ was found to have relatively low value as an alternative but it still had a potential to substitute the conventional PFOS.
Objectives: In this study, we investigated the biodegradation rates of 8 perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) alternatives synthesized at the at Changwon National University in comparison to those of PFOS potassium salt and PFOS sodium salt. Methods: A biodegradability test was performed for 28 days with microorganisms cultured in the good laboratory practice laboratory at the Korea Environment Corporation following the OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Test No. 301 C Results: While $C_5H_8F_3SO_3K$, $C_8F_{17}SO_3K$ and $C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$ were not degraded after 28 days, the 3 alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 31.4% for $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$, 25.6% for $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$, 23.6% for $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$, 20.9% for $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$, 15.5% for $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$, 8.5% for $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ and 4.8% for $C_6H_8F_5SO_3K$. When the concentration was the same(500 mg/L), $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ had the lowest tension with 20.94 mN/m, which was followed by $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$ (23.36 mN/m), $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ (27.31 mN/m), $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$ (28.17 mN/m), $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$ (29.77 mN/m) and $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$ (33.89 mN/m). Having higher surface tension of 57.64 mN/m and 67.57 mN/m, respectively, than those of the two types of PFOS salts, $C_6H_8F_5SO_3K$ and $C_5H_8F_3SO_3K$ were found valueless as substitute for PFOS. Conclusion: The biodegradation test suggest that 6 compounds could be used as substitutes for PFOS. $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ and $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$ were found to be the best substitutes based on biodegradation rate and surface tension, followed by $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$, $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$ and $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$. $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ was found to have relatively low value as an alternative but it still had a potential to substitute the conventional PFOS.
본 연구에서는 창원대학교 신동수 교수와 공동으로 개발한 8종의 PFOS 대체물질과 2종의 PFOS salt에 대한 미생물분해시험 결과를 비교분석함으로써 상용화 가능성이 있는 PFOS 대체물질을 제안하고자 하였다.
대상 데이터
미생물분해시험은 창원대학교 신동수 교수 연구실에서 합성한 potassium salt 형태의 PFOS인 C8F17SO3K(분자량 538.22)과 이와 관련된 4종의 대체물질 (C10H8F13SO3K(분자량 494.31), C8H8F9SO3K(분자량 394.30), C6H8F5SO3K(분자량 294.28), C5H8F3SO3K(분자량 244.27)), sodium salt 형태의 PFOS인 C8F17SO3Na(분자량 522.11)과 이와 관련된 4종의 대체물질(C15F9H21S2O8Na2(분자량 610.42), C17F9H25S2O8Na2(분자량 638.47), C23F18H28S2O8Na2 (분자량 884.54), C25F17H32S3O13Na3(분자량 1028.65))에 대해 실시하였다.6,7)
이론/모형
미생물분해시험은 OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Test No. 301 C(OECD TG 301 C)에 따라 28일 동안 실시하였다.8) 분해실험에 사용된 미생물은 전국의 도시하수처리장, 산업폐수처리장, 강, 호수 및 바다 등 10개 지점에서 채취하여 1개월 이상 한국환경공단 미생물배양실에서 배양하여 적응 단계를 거친 것을 사용하였다.
성능/효과
8종의 대체물질 중 6종(C23F18H28S2O8Na2, C15F9H21S2O8Na2, C25F17H32S3O13Na3, C8H8F9SO3K, C10H8F13SO3K, C17F9H25S2O8Na2)은 28일 동안 미생물분해가 4.8% 이상 이루어지고, 표면장력도 PFOS salts 보다 최소 20% 이상 좋은 것으로 확인되었으므로 PFOS 대체물질로 실용화 가능성이 있다고 판단된다. 특히 C23F18H28S2O8Na2과 C15F9H21S2O8Na2은 미생물분해율이 각각 15.
36 mN/m로 상당히 낮아 대체물질로 활용 가능성이 매우 높다고 판단된다. 반면 C6H8F5SO3K과 C5H8F3SO3K의 표면장력은 2종의 PFOS salts 보다도 높아 실용화 가능성은 낮다고 판단된다.
8% 이상 이루어지고, 표면장력도 PFOS salts 보다 최소 20% 이상 좋은 것으로 확인되었으므로 PFOS 대체물질로 실용화 가능성이 있다고 판단된다. 특히 C23F18H28S2O8Na2과 C15F9H21S2O8Na2은 미생물분해율이 각각 15.5%, 20.9%로 비교적 높고, 표면장력도 각각 20.94 mN/m, 23.36 mN/m로 상당히 낮아 대체물질로 활용 가능성이 매우 높다고 판단된다. 반면 C6H8F5SO3K과 C5H8F3SO3K의 표면장력은 2종의 PFOS salts 보다도 높아 실용화 가능성은 낮다고 판단된다.
질의응답
핵심어
질문
논문에서 추출한 답변
PFOS은 어떤 특성이 있는가?
PFOS(PerFluorOoctane Sulfonic acid, C8F17SO3H) 는 소수성기인 perfluorooctane과 친수성기인 sulfonate 를 가지고 있으며 강한 발수성 및 발유성, 화학적 및 열적 안정성, 내약품성 등의 특성을 가진 물질로 지난 50여 년간 종이 · 섬유 · 가죽 등의 코팅제, 항공기 유압유, 반도체 세정제 및 코팅제, 산업용 세제, 방염제, 폼(foam) 소화약제 등 다양한 용도로 사용 해오고 있다. 1,2)
미생물분해시험에 어떠한 미생물을 사용하였는가?
301 C(OECD TG 301 C)에 따라 28일 동안 실시하였다. 8) 분해실험에 사용된 미생물은 전국의 도시하수처리장, 산업폐수처리장, 강, 호수 및 바다 등 10개 지점에서 채취하여 1개월 이상 한국환경공단 미생물배양실에서 배양하여 적응 단계를 거친 것을 사용하였다.
OxiTop Control은 무엇인가?
시험장비는 OECD TG 301 C에 규정된 시험방법에 따라 미생물 분해율을 측정할 수 있도록 개발된 OxiTop Control(OxiTop Control 100, WTW)을 사용하였다. OxiTop Control은 밀폐된 시험병 내 압력의 변화를 토대로 생물학적산소요구량(BOD, Biochemical Oxygen Demand)을 실시간으로 측정할 수 있는 장비로 시험병, 측정헤드, 무선 컨트롤러, 교반시스템으로 구성되어 있다.
참고문헌 (9)
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Kannan K, Choi J, Iseki N, Senthilkumar K, Kim DH and Giesy JP. Concentration of perfluorinated acids in liver of birds from Japan and Korea. Chem. 2002; 49(3): 225-236
Peden-Adams MM, EuDaly JG, Dabra S, EuDaly A, Heesemann L, Smythe J, et al. Suppression of humoral immunity following exposure to perfluoinated insecticide sulfluramid. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007; 70(13): 1130-1141
Liu C, Yu K, Shi X, Wang J, Lam PKS, Wu RSS, et al. Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by PFOS and PFOA in primary cultured hepatocytes of freshwater tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus). Aquat Toxical. 2007; 82(2): 135-143
Qazi MR, Xia Z, Bogdanska J, Chang SC, Ehresman DJ, Butenhoff JL, et al. The atrophy and changes in the cellular compositions of the thymus and spleen observed in mice subjected to short-term exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate are high-dose phenomena mediated in part by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha(PPAR $\alpha$ ). Toxicology. 2009; 260(1-3): 68-76
B. V. D. Vijaykumar, B. Premkumar, Kiwan Jang, Bong-In Choi, J. R. Falck, G. N. Sheldrakee, et al. Environmentally benign perfluorooctanesulfonate alternatives using a Zn/CuI mediated Michael-type addition in imidazolium ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2014; 16: 2406
OECD. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Available: http://www.oecd.org/general/searchresults/?qtg&cx012432601748511391518:xzeadub0b0a&cofFORID:11&ieUTF-8
UNEP. Report of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee on the work of its sixth meeting( UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/13/Add.3/Rev.1); 11-15 October 2010
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