Lee, Samantha
(Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey)
,
Hung, Richard
(Department of Biology, Kean University)
,
Yin, Guohua
(Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey)
,
Klich, Maren A.
(Southern Regional Research Laboratory)
,
Grimm, Casey
(Southern Regional Research Laboratory)
,
Bennett, Joan W.
(Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey)
In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of Arabidopsis thaliana to detect different mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the common indoor fungus, Aspergillus versicolor, and demonstrate the potential usage of the plant as a bioindicator to monitor fungal VOCs in indoor air. We...
In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of Arabidopsis thaliana to detect different mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the common indoor fungus, Aspergillus versicolor, and demonstrate the potential usage of the plant as a bioindicator to monitor fungal VOCs in indoor air. We evaluated the volatile production of Aspergillus versicolor strains SRRC 108 (NRRL 3449) and SRRC 2559 (ATCC 32662) grown on nutrient rich fungal medium, and grown under conditions to mimic the substrate encountered in the built environment where fungi would typically grow indoors (moist wallboard and ceiling tiles). Using headspace solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we analyzed VOC profiles of the two strains. The most abundant compound produced by both strains on all three media was 1-octen-3-ol. Strain SRRC 2559 made several terpenes not detected from strain SRRC 108. Using a split-plate bioassay, we grew Arabidopsis thaliana in a shared atmosphere with VOCs from the two strains of Aspergillus versicolor grown on yeast extract sucrose medium. The VOCs emitted by SRRC 2559 had an adverse impact on seed germination and plant growth. Chemical standards of individual VOCs from the Aspergillus versicolor mixture (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-octen-3-ol, limonene, and ${\beta}-farnesene$), and ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ were tested one by one in seed germination and vegetative plant growth assays. The most inhibitory compound to both seed germination and plant growth was 1-octen-3-ol. Our data suggest that Arabidopsis is a useful model for monitoring indoor air quality as it is sensitive to naturally emitted fungal volatile mixtures as well as to chemical standards of individual compounds, and it exhibits relatively quick concentration- and duration-dependent responses.
In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of Arabidopsis thaliana to detect different mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the common indoor fungus, Aspergillus versicolor, and demonstrate the potential usage of the plant as a bioindicator to monitor fungal VOCs in indoor air. We evaluated the volatile production of Aspergillus versicolor strains SRRC 108 (NRRL 3449) and SRRC 2559 (ATCC 32662) grown on nutrient rich fungal medium, and grown under conditions to mimic the substrate encountered in the built environment where fungi would typically grow indoors (moist wallboard and ceiling tiles). Using headspace solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we analyzed VOC profiles of the two strains. The most abundant compound produced by both strains on all three media was 1-octen-3-ol. Strain SRRC 2559 made several terpenes not detected from strain SRRC 108. Using a split-plate bioassay, we grew Arabidopsis thaliana in a shared atmosphere with VOCs from the two strains of Aspergillus versicolor grown on yeast extract sucrose medium. The VOCs emitted by SRRC 2559 had an adverse impact on seed germination and plant growth. Chemical standards of individual VOCs from the Aspergillus versicolor mixture (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-octen-3-ol, limonene, and ${\beta}-farnesene$), and ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ were tested one by one in seed germination and vegetative plant growth assays. The most inhibitory compound to both seed germination and plant growth was 1-octen-3-ol. Our data suggest that Arabidopsis is a useful model for monitoring indoor air quality as it is sensitive to naturally emitted fungal volatile mixtures as well as to chemical standards of individual compounds, and it exhibits relatively quick concentration- and duration-dependent responses.
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문제 정의
In this paper, we demonstrate Arabidopsis’ ability to respond to VOCs emitted by common indoor mold, (Aspergillus versicolor) and demonstrate the potential of this plant for use as a bioindicator to monitor toxigenic mold VOCs in indoor air.
The usage of plants as bioindicators and as part of ecological risk assessment of various pollutants has a long history[25, 26]. The purpose of our study was to determine if Arabidopsis thaliana was sensitive enough to detect subtle differences in the volatile production of two Aspergillus strains and to understand the volatile specific responses of the fungal VOCs. Our results demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana has the potential to be used a bioindicator to assess potentially toxigenic fungal VOCs in indoor air.
Volatile detection has been used as an indirect marker to indicate the presence of Aspergillus species and other molds in indoor environments of stored agricultural crops [4]. To our knowledge, this report is the first to show that VOCs from A. versicolor can have an impact on plant growth and seed germination. We also demonstrate that there is a potential for developing plants to monitor indoor air quality.
가설 설정
Different isolates and strains of a given species often produce different volatile profiles. We hypothesized that Arabidopsis is sensitive to the differences in fungal volatile production, leading to distinct plant responses. Our study had three goals.
제안 방법
For the plant exposure experiment, the fungi were grown in 35 × 10 mm Petri dishes on 4 mL of YES media, and incubated for 5 days at 27 ± 1℃ in high humidity prior to the start of the volatile exposure experiments.
At the end of the exposure, the seeds were removed and examined visually using light microscopy. The seeds were scored into three categories, no germination, germinated (presence of radical), and seedling formation (presence of radical, hypocotyls, and cotyledons). For the vegetative exposure assay, five plants were grown in a growth chamber at 23 ± 1℃ with a 16-hr photoperiod for 14 days following stratification.
Three replicates were used per treatment condition, and the experiments were repeated three times. Quantitative results were expressed as standard error of the mean and analyzed using Excel software (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and SigmaPlot (SPSS Inc.
YES was inoculated using a 50 μL spore suspension every 2 days for the duration of 14 days while building materials CT and WB were inoculated on the first and eighth day.
대상 데이터
Arabidopsis thaliana seeds (ecotype Columbia-7) were obtained from the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (Columbus, OH, USA). The seeds were surface-sterilized in a 95% ethanol and 20% bleach solution.
Aspergillus versicolor strains SRRC 108 (NRRL 3449) and SRRC 2559 (ATCC 32662) were obtained from Dr. Geromy G. Moore at USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA. SRRC 2559 had come to our attention because it caused a student in close proximity, but having no direct physical contact with the strain, to experience unpleasant itching, Aspergillus versicolor strain SRRC 108 did not cause this effect.
For analysis, a Combi-Pal autosampler (Leap Technologies, Carrboro, NC, USA) was used with an Agilent 6890 GC (Agilent Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with a 30-m DB-5 column with a 0.25-mm internal diameter, 1.0-μm film thickness, and phase thickness of 5% of cross-linked phenylmethylsilicate.
Both strains grew best on YES, where SRRC 2559 emitted 14 compounds and SRRC 108 emitted 12 compounds. The 14 VOCs detected by SPME analysis included three alcohols, one ketone, one alkene, two heterocyclic aromatics, and seven terpenes and terpene derivatives. Two unidentified diterpenes were found only from strain 2559 on YES and CT.
The volatile compounds were identified from headspace analysis of A. versicolor strains SRRC 2559 and SRRC 108 grown on YES media, CT, or WB (Table 1). Both strains grew best on YES, where SRRC 2559 emitted 14 compounds and SRRC 108 emitted 12 compounds.
Similarly, β-farnesene {7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-dodeca-1,(E)6,10-triene} increased over time in SRRC 2559 and decreased in SRRC 108. Two diterpenes were produced exclusively by SRRC 2559 (Fig. 3).
데이터처리
Three replicates were used per treatment condition, and the experiments were repeated three times. Quantitative results were expressed as standard error of the mean and analyzed using Excel software (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and SigmaPlot (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Student’s t test and/or one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between groups were performed for all quantitative data.
Student’s t test and/or one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between groups were performed for all quantitative data.
성능/효과
In some cases, 1-octen-3-ol was found at high concentration of up to 900 μg/m3 and 3-methyl-1- butanol at 270 μg/m3[3]. Comparison of the volatile profiles of the two Aspergillus versicolor strains showed an increased production of terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes in SRRC 2559 relative to SRRC 108. Other studies have also detected the production of terpenes and sesquiterpenes by Aspergillus species [3].
The purpose of our study was to determine if Arabidopsis thaliana was sensitive enough to detect subtle differences in the volatile production of two Aspergillus strains and to understand the volatile specific responses of the fungal VOCs. Our results demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana has the potential to be used a bioindicator to assess potentially toxigenic fungal VOCs in indoor air.
The three terpenes tested (limonene, β-farnesene, and β-caryophyllene) showed seedling formation rates from 76~79 ± 5%, with a significant increase in the ‘germinated’ rate and significant decrease in “no germination” percentage compared to control seeds.
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