[논문]Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection

Im, Kyungtaek; Kim, Jisu; Min, Hyeyoung

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002

Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection 원문보기

Journal of ginseng research = 高麗人參學會誌, v.40 no.4, 2016년, pp.309 - 314

Im, Kyungtaek (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) , Kim, Jisu (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) , Min, Hyeyoung (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a heat-processed ginseng developed by the repeated steaming and air-drying of fresh ginseng. Compared with fresh ginseng, KRG has been shown to possess greater pharmacological activities and stability because of changes that occur in its chemical constituents during the steaming process. In addition to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, KRG and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective effects against microbial infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the properties of KRG and its components on infections with human pathogenic viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus, hepatitis virus, norovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, and coxsackievirus. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of KRG as an antiviral and vaccine adjuvant is discussed.

주제어

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

문제 정의

In addition, KRG and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective activities against microbial infections [18]. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of KRG and its components on infections with human pathogenic viruses and discuss the therapeutic potential of KRG as an antiviral and vaccine adjuvant.

후속연구

The selective antiviral activities of panaxatriol-type ginsenosides were also found in the case of coxsackievirus, as described below. Future studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between the antiviral activities and structural differences among panaxadiol- and panaxatriol-type ginsenosides.
Although ginseng itself can exert direct antiviral effects by inhibiting viral attachment, membrane penetration, and replication, the foremost antiviral activities of ginseng are attributed to the enhancement of host immunity. Future studies should include the identification of essential components responsible for the enhanced immunity against any viral attack.
Although the anti-inflammatory activity of ginsenoside Rg3 is explicitly described, it is unclear how the anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 affects HBV replication. Future studies should strive to better understand the link between antiHBV and anti-inflammatory activities of ginsenoside Rg3.
RGE also increased the numbers of CD11c+ dendritic cells, IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells, and CD4+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids [20,21]. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that ginseng has immunomodulatory and antiviral effects against RSV infection through multiple mechanisms, and further studies are required to elucidate the underlying immunoregulatory and antiviral mechanisms at the molecular level.

참고문헌 (94)

1 Munoz F.M. Respiratory syncytial virus in infants: is maternal vaccination a realistic strategy? Curr Opin Infect Dis 28 2015 221 224 25918956

상세보기
2 Song X. Chen J. Sakwiwatkul K. Li R. Hu S. Enhancement of immune responses to influenza vaccine (H3N2) by ginsenoside Re Int Immunopharmacol 10 2010 351 356 20034596

상세보기
3 Baek S.H. Lee J.G. Park S.Y. Bae O.N. Kim D.H. Park J.H. Pectic polysaccharides from Panax ginseng as the antirotavirus principals in ginseng Biomacromolecules 11 2010 2044 2052 20597500

상세보기
4 Martin A. Lemon S.M. Hepatitis A virus: from discovery to vaccines Hepatology 43 2006 S164 S172 16447259
5 Nichol K.L. Lind A. Margolis K.L. Murdoch M. McFadden R. Hauge M. Magnan S. Drake M. The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults N Engl J Med 333 1995 889 893 7666874

상세보기
6 Munos M.K. Walker C.L. Black R.E. The effect of rotavirus vaccine on diarrhoea mortality Int J Epidemiol 39 Suppl. 1 2010 i56 i62 20348127
7 Porter K. Babiker A. Bhaskaran K. Darbyshire J. Pezzotti P. Walker A.S. Determinants of survival following HIV-1 seroconversion after the introduction of HAART Lancet 362 2003 1267 1274 14575971
8 Chin'ombe N. Ruhanya V. HIV/AIDS vaccines for Africa: scientific opportunities, challenges and strategies Pan Afr Med J 20 2015 386 26185576

상세보기
9 Ha S.-J. West E.E. Araki K. Smith K.A. Ahmed R. Manipulating both the inhibitory and stimulatory immune system towards the success of therapeutic vaccination against chronic viral infections Immunol Rev 223 2008 317 333 18613845

상세보기
10 Kiefer D. Pantuso T. Panax ginseng Am Fam Physician 68 2003 1539 1542 14596440

상세보기
11 Park J. Rhee D. Lee Y. Biological activities and chemistry of saponins from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Phytochem Rev 4 2005 159 175
12 Jang D.-J. Lee M.S. Shin B.-C. Lee Y.-C. Ernst E. Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: a systematic review Br J Clin Pharmacol 66 2008 444 450 18754850

상세보기
13 Kim W.Y. Kim J.M. Han S.B. Lee S.K. Kim N.D. Park M.K. Kim C.K. Park J.H. Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity J Nat Prod 63 2000 1702 1704 11141123

상세보기
14 Kim S.K. Park J.H. Trends in ginseng research in 2010 J Ginseng Res 35 2011 389 398 23717084

원문보기 상세보기
15 Helms S. Cancer prevention and therapeutics: Panax ginseng Altern Med Rev 9 2004 259 274 15387718

상세보기
16 Kim S. Lee Y. Cho J. Korean red ginseng extract exhibits neuroprotective effects through inhibition of apoptotic cell death Biol Pharm Bull 37 2014 938 946 24882407

상세보기
17 Vuksan V. Sievenpipper J. Jovanovski E. Jenkins A.L. Current clinical evidence for Korean red ginseng in management of diabetes and vascular disease: a Toronto's ginseng clinical testing program J Ginseng Res 34 2010 264 273

원문보기 상세보기
18 Lim D.S. Bae K.G. Jung I.S. Kim C.H. Yun Y.S. Song J.Y. Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation J Infect 45 2002 32 38 12217729

상세보기
19 Lee J.S. Cho M.K. Hwang H.S. Ko E.J. Lee Y.N. Kwon Y.M. Kim M.C. Kim K.H. Lee Y.T. Jung Y.J. Ginseng diminishes lung disease in mice immunized with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus after challenge by modulating host immune responses J Interferon Cytokine Res 34 2014 902 914 25051168

상세보기
20 Lee J.S. Lee Y.N. Lee Y.T. Hwang H.S. Kim K.H. Ko E.J. Kim M.C. Kang S.M. Ginseng protects against respiratory syncytial virus by modulating multiple immune cells and inhibiting viral replication Nutrients 7 2015 1021 1036 25658239

상세보기
21 Lee J.S. Ko E.J. Hwang H.S. Lee Y.N. Kwon Y.M. Kim M.C. Kang S.M. Antiviral activity of ginseng extract against respiratory syncytial virus infection Int J Mol Med 34 2014 183 190 24756136
22 Hendley J.O. Gwaltney J.M. Jr. Mechanisms of transmission of rhinovirus infections Epidemiol Rev 10 1988 243 258 2852117

상세보기
23 Seemungal T. Harper-Owen R. Bhowmik A. Moric I. Sanderson G. Message S. Maccallum P. Meade T.W. Jeffries D.J. Johnston S.L. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 2001 1618 1623 11719299

상세보기
24 Jarjour N.N. Gern J.E. Kelly E.A.B. Swenson C.A. Dick C.R. Busse W.W. The effect of an experimental rhinovirus 16 infection on bronchial lavage neutrophils J Allergy Clin Immunol 105 2000 1169 1177 10856152

상세보기
25 Charles C.H. Yelmene M. Luo G.X. Recent advances in rhinovirus therapeutics Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 4 2004 331 337 15578974
26 Song J.H. Choi H.J. Song H.H. Hong E.H. Lee B.R. Oh S.R. Choi K. Yeo S.G. Lee Y.P. Cho S. Antiviral activity of ginsenosides against coxsackievirus B3, enterovirus 71, and human rhinovirus 3 J Ginseng Res 38 2014 173 179 25378991

상세보기
27 Neumann G. Noda T. Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus Nature 459 2009 931 939 19525932

상세보기
28 Claas E.C. Osterhaus A.D. van Beek R. De Jong J.C. Rimmelzwaan G.F. Senne D.A. Krauss S. Shortridge K.F. Webster R.G. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus Lancet 351 1998 472 477 9482438
29 Lee J.S. Hwang H.S. Ko E.J. Lee Y.N. Kwon Y.M. Kim M.C. Kang S.M. Immunomodulatory activity of red ginseng against influenza A virus infection Nutrients 6 2014 517 529 24473234

상세보기
30 Chan L.Y. Kwok H.H. Chan R.W. Peiris M.J. Mak N.K. Wong R.N. Chan M.C. Yue P.Y. Dual functions of ginsenosides in protecting human endothelial cells against influenza H9N2-induced inflammation and apoptosis J Ethnopharmacol 137 2011 1542 1546 21872652

상세보기
31 Yoo D.G. Kim M.C. Park M.K. Song J.M. Quan F.S. Park K.M. Cho Y.K. Kang S.M. Protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract on the infections by H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses in mice J Med Food 15 2012 855 862 22856395
32 Park E.H. Yum J. Ku K.B. Kim H.M. Kang Y.M. Kim J.C. Kim J.A. Kang Y.K. Seo S.H. Red Ginseng-containing diet helps to protect mice and ferrets from the lethal infection by highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus J Ginseng Res 38 2014 40 46 24558309

원문보기 상세보기
33 Yoo D.G. Kim M.C. Park M.K. Park K.M. Quan F.S. Song J.M. Wee J.J. Wang B.Z. Cho Y.K. Compans R.W. Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on influenza viral infection PLoS One 7 2012 e33678 22442708

상세보기
34 Yin S.Y. Kim H.J. A comparative study of the effects of whole red ginseng extract and polysaccharide and saponin fractions on influenza A (H1N1) virus infection Biol Pharm Bull 36 2013 1002 1007 23727921

상세보기
35 Quan F.S. Compans R.W. Cho Y.K. Kang S.M. Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection Vaccine 25 2007 272 282 16945454

상세보기
36 Xu M.L. Kim H.J. Choi Y.R. Intake of korean red ginseng extract and saponin enhances the protection conferred by vaccination with inactivated influenza a virus J Ginseng Res 36 2012 396 402 23717142

원문보기 상세보기
37 Zagury J.F. Franchini G. Reitz M. Collalti E. Starcich B. Hall L. Fargnoli K. Jagodzinski L. Guo H.G. Laure F. Genetic variability between isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 is comparable to the variability among HIV type 1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 1988 5941 5945 3261862

상세보기
38 Kanki P.J. Travers K.U. Mboup S. Hsieh C.C. Marlink R.G. Gueye-NDiaye A. Siby T. Thior I. Hernandez-Avila M. Sankalé J.L. Slower heterosexual spread of HIV-2 than HIV-1 Lancet 343 1994 943 946 7909009
39 Requejo H.I. Worldwide molecular epidemiology of HIV Rev Saude Publica 40 2006 331 345 16583048

상세보기
40 de Silva T.I. Cotten M. Rowland-Jones S.L. HIV-2: the forgotten AIDS virus Trends Microbiol 16 2008 588 595 18964021
41 Moore R.D. Chaisson R.E. Natural history of HIV infection in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy AIDS 13 1999 1933 1942 10513653
42 Cho Y.K. Sung H. Lee H.J. Joo C.H. Cho G.J. Long-term intake of Korean red ginseng in HIV-1-infected patients: development of resistance mutation to zidovudine is delayed Int Immunopharmacol 1 2001 1295 1305 11460310

상세보기
43 Sung H. Jung Y.S. Cho Y.K. Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients Clin Vaccine Immunol 16 2009 1127 1131 19535541
44 Cho Y.K. Lee I.C. Shin Y.O. The effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG), zidovudine (ZDV), and the combination of KRG and ZDV on HIV-infected individuals J Bacteriol Virol 31 1996 353 360
45 Kim B.R. Kim J.E. Sung H. Cho Y.K. Long-term follow up of HIV-1-infected Korean haemophiliacs, after infection from a common source of virus Haemophilia 21 2015 e1 11 25545303

상세보기
46 Cho Y.K. Sung H. Ahn S.H. Bae I.G. Woo J.H. Won Y.H. Kim D.G. Kang M.W. Frequency of mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients in Korea J Clin Microbiol 40 2002 1319 1325 11923351

상세보기
47 Sung H. Kang S.M. Lee M.S. Kim T.G. Cho Y.K. Korean red ginseng slows depletion of CD4 T cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12 2005 497 501 15817756

상세보기
48 Cho Y.-K. Sung H. Kim T.K. Lim J.Y. Jung Y.S. Kang S.-M. Korean red ginseng significantly slows CD4 T cell depletion over 10 years in HIV-1 infected patients: association with HLA J Ginseng Res 28 2004 173 182

원문보기 상세보기
49 Cho Y.K. Kim Y.B. Kim Y.K. Lee H.J. Oh W.I. Sequence analysis of C2-V3 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and its correlation with clinical significance: the effect of long-term intake of Korean red ginseng on env gene variation J Korean Soc Microbiol 32 1997 611 623
50 Das S.R. Jameel S. Biology of the HIV Nef protein Indian J Med Res 121 2005 315 332 15817946

상세보기
51 Cho Y.K. Jung Y.S. Sung H. Frequent gross deletion in the HIV type 1 nef gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean Red Ginseng: inhibition of detection by highly active antiretroviral therapy AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25 2009 419 424 19320564

상세보기
52 Cho Y.K. Lim J.Y. Jung Y.S. Oh S.K. Lee H.J. Sung H. High frequency of grossly deleted nef genes in HIV-1 infected long-term slow progressors treated with Korean red ginseng Curr HIV Res 4 2006 447 457 17073619
53 Cho Y.K. Jung Y.S. Sung H. Sim M.K. Kim Y.K. High frequency of gross deletions in 5′ LTR/gag and nef genes in patients infected with CRF02_AG of HIV type 1 who survived for over 20 years: an association with Korean red ginseng AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25 2009 535 541 19388822

상세보기
54 Cho Y.K. Jung Y.S. Dosage and duration effects of Korean red ginseng intake on frequency of gross deletions in the nef gene J Ginseng Res 34 2010 219 226

원문보기 상세보기
55 Cho Y.K. Jung Y.S. High frequency of gross deletions in the 5' LTR and gag regions in HIV type 1-infected long-term survivors treated with Korean red ginseng AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 24 2008 181 193 18284321

상세보기
56 Cho Y.K. Jung Y. Sung H. Joo C.H. Frequent genetic defects in the HIV-1 5′ LTR/gag gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean Red Ginseng: decreased detection of genetic defects by highly active antiretroviral therapy J Ginseng Res 35 2011 413 420 23717086

원문보기 상세보기
57 Wang H.X. Ng T.B. Quinqueginsin, a novel protein with anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antifungal, ribonuclease and cell-free translation-inhibitory activities from American ginseng roots Biochem Biophys Res Commun 269 2000 203 208 10694500

상세보기
58 Lam S.K. Ng T.B. A xylanase from roots of sanchi ginseng (Panax notoginseng) with inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase Life Sci 70 2002 3049 3058 12138018
59 Jeong J.J. Kim B. Kim D.H. Ginsenoside Rh1 eliminates the cytoprotective phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-transduced human macrophages by inhibiting the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 Biol Pharm Bull 36 2013 1088 1094 23811558
60 Jeong J.J. Kim B. Kim D.H. Ginsenoside Rb1 eliminates HIV-1 (D3)-transduced cytoprotective human macrophages by inhibiting the AKT pathway J Med Food 17 2014 849 854 24983400
61 Kim Y. Hollenbaugh J.A. Kim D.H. Kim B. Novel PI3K/Akt inhibitors screened by the cytoprotective function of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat PLoS One 6 2011 e21781 21765914

상세보기
62 Shi J. Cao B. Zha W.B. Wu X.L. Liu L.S. Xiao W.J. Gu R.R. Sun R.B. Yu X.Y. Zheng T. Pharmacokinetic interactions between 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir in vitro and in vivo Acta Pharmacol Sin 34 2013 1349 1358 23892274
63 Lee L.S. Wise S.D. Chan C. Parsons T.L. Flexner C. Lietman P.S. Possible differential induction of phase 2 enzyme and antioxidant pathways by american ginseng, Panax quinquefolius J Clin Pharmacol 48 2008 599 609 18319359

상세보기
64 Patel J. Buddha B. Dey S. Pal D. Mitra A.K. In vitro interaction of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir with herbal constituents: changes in P-gp and CYP3A4 activity Am J Ther 11 2004 262 277 15266218

상세보기
65 Kukhanova M.K. Korovina A.N. Kochetkov S.N. Human herpes simplex virus: life cycle and development of inhibitors Biochemistry (Mosc) 79 2014 1635 1652 25749169
66 McGeoch D.J. Cook S. Dolan A. Jamieson F.E. Telford E.A.R. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary timescale for the family of mammalian herpesviruses J Mol Biol 247 1995 443 458 7714900

상세보기
67 Kimberlin D.W. Herpes simplex virus infections in neonates and early childhood Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 16 2005 271 281 16210107
68 Gupta R. Warren T. Wald A. Genital herpes Lancet 370 2007 2127 2137 18156035
69 Pei Y. Du Q. Liao P.Y. Chen Z.P. Wang D. Yang C.R. Kitazato K. Wang Y.F. Zhang Y.J. Notoginsenoside ST-4 inhibits virus penetration of herpes simplex virus in vitro J Asian Nat Prod Res 13 2011 498 504 21623512

상세보기
70 Liang Y.Y. Wang B. Qian D.M. Li L. Wang Z.H. Hu M. Song X.X. Inhibitory effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on apoptosis caused by HSV-1 in human glioma cells Virol Sin 27 2012 19 25 22270803

상세보기
71 Cho A. Roh Y.S. Uyangaa E. Park S. Kim J.W. Lim K.H. Kwon J. Eo S.K. Lim C.W. Kim B. Protective effects of red ginseng extract against vaginal herpes simplex virus infection J Ginseng Res 37 2013 210 218 23717174

원문보기 상세보기
72 Perfect M.M. Bourne N. Ebel C. Rosenthal S.L. Use of complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of genital herpes Herpes 12 2005 38 41 16209859

상세보기
73 Lee M.H. Lee B.H. Lee S. Choi C. Reduction of hepatitis A virus on FRhK-4 cells treated with Korean red ginseng extract and ginsenosides J Food Sci 78 2013 M1412 M1415 23931146

상세보기
74 Kramvis A. Kew M. Francois G. Hepatitis B virus genotypes Vaccine 23 2005 2409 2423 15752827

상세보기
75 Zhang Y.Q. Guo J.S. Antiviral therapies for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma World J Gastroenterol 21 2015 3860 3866 25852270
76 Kang L.J. Choi Y.J. Lee S.G. Stimulation of TRAF6/TAK1 degradation and inhibition of JNK/AP-1 signalling by ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates hepatitis B virus replication Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45 2013 2612 2621 24004833
77 Atmar R.L. Estes M.K. Diagnosis of noncultivatable gastroenteritis viruses, the human caliciviruses Clin Microbiol Rev 14 2001 15 37 11148001

상세보기
78 Moore M.D. Goulter R.M. Jaykus L.A. Human norovirus as a foodborne pathogen: challenges and developments Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 6 2015 411 433 25884284

상세보기
79 Bae J. Schwab K.J. Evaluation of murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, poliovirus, and MS2 as surrogates for human norovirus in a model of viral persistence in surface water and groundwater Appl Environ Microbiol 74 2008 477 484 18065626

상세보기
80 Lee M.H. Lee B.H. Jung J.Y. Cheon D.S. Kim K.T. Choi C. Antiviral effect of korean red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogates for human norovirus J Ginseng Res 35 2011 429 435 23717088

원문보기 상세보기
81 Lee M.H. Seo D.J. Kang J.H. Oh S.H. Choi C. Expression of antiviral cytokines in Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells pretreated with Korean red ginseng extract or ginsenosides Food Chem Toxicol 70 2014 19 25 24795234

상세보기
82 Bernstein D.I. Rotavirus overview Pediatr Infect Dis J 28 2009 S50 S53 19252423

상세보기
83 Parashar U.D. Gibson C.J. Bresse J.S. Glass R.I. Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea Emerg Inf Dis 12 2006 304 306
84 Victora C.G. Bryce J. Fontaine O. Monasch R. Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy Bull World Health Organ 78 2000 1246 1255 11100619

상세보기
85 Lee J.H. Shim J.S. Lee J.S. Kim M.K. Chung M.S. Kim K.H. Pectin-like acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng with selective antiadhesive activity against pathogenic bacteria Carbohydr Res 341 2006 1154 1163 16643869

상세보기
86 Rabenau H.F. Richter M. Doerr H.W. Hand, foot and mouth disease: seroprevalence of Coxsackie A16 and Enterovirus 71 in Germany Med Microbiol Immunol 199 2010 45 51 19941005

상세보기
87 Chan L.G. Parashar U.D. Lye M.S. Ong F.G. Zaki S.R. Alexander J.P. Ho K.K. Han L.L. Pallansch M.A. Suleiman A.B. Deaths of children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in sarawak, malaysia: clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. For the Outbreak Study Group Clin Infect Dis 31 2000 678 683 11017815

상세보기
88 Hamaguchi T. Fujisawa H. Sakai K. Okino S. Kurosaki N. Nishimura Y. Shimizu H. Yamada M. Acute encephalitis caused by intrafamilial transmission of enterovirus 71 in adult Emerg Infect Dis 14 2008 828 830 18439374

상세보기
89 Bruu A.L. Enteroviruses: polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and newer enteroviruses. A practical guide to clinical virology 2nd ed. 2003 Wiley NJ, United States 44 45
90 Muir P. Kammerer U. Korn K. Mulders M.N. Poyry T. Weissbrich B. Kandolf R. Cleator G.M. van Loon A.M. Molecular typing of enteroviruses: current status and future requirements. The European Union concerted action on virus meningitis and encephalitis Clin Microbiol Rev 11 1998 202 227 9457433
91 Gupta S. Markham D.W. Drazner M.H. Mammen P.P. Fulminant myocarditis Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5 2008 693 706 18797433
92 Tracy S. Gauntt C. Group B coxsackievirus virulence Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 323 2008 49 63 18357765

상세보기
93 Heim A. Grumbach I. Pring-Åkerblom P. Stille-Siegener M. Müller G. Kandolf R. Figulla H.-R. Inhibition of coxsackievirus B3 carrier state infection of cultured human myocardial fibroblasts by ribavirin and human natural interferon-α Antiviral Res 34 1997 101 111 9191017
94 Wang X. Wang Y. Ren Z. Qian C. Li Y. Wang Q. Zhang Y. Zheng L. Jiang J. Yang C. Protective effects of 20(s)-protopanaxtriol on viral myocarditis infected by coxsackievirus B3 Pathobiology 79 2012 285 289 22688124

상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

LOADING...

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증