Effect of different concentrations and ratios of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate on growth of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystis aeruginosa isolated from the Nakdong River, Korea원문보기
Microcystis aeruginosa causes harmful algal blooms in the Nakdong River of Korea. We studied the effect of different concentrations and ratios of ammonium ($NH_4{^+}$), nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$), and phosphate ($PO{_4}^{3-}$) on growth of this species in BG-11 medium: eac...
Microcystis aeruginosa causes harmful algal blooms in the Nakdong River of Korea. We studied the effect of different concentrations and ratios of ammonium ($NH_4{^+}$), nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$), and phosphate ($PO{_4}^{3-}$) on growth of this species in BG-11 medium: each nutrient alone, $NO_3{^-}:NH_4{^+}$ ratio, the N : P ratio with fixed total N (TN), and the N : P ratio with fixed total P (TP). The single nutrient experiments indicated that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rate at $NH_4{^+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations of $500{\mu}M$, and at a $PO{_4}^{3-}$ concentration of $5{\mu}M$. The $NO_3{^-}:NH_4{^+}$ ratio experiments showed that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rate at a ratio of 1 : 1 when TN was $100{\mu}M$ and $250{\mu}M$, and the lowest growth rate at a ratio of 1 : 1 when the TN was $500{\mu}M$. The N : P ratio with fixed TN experiments indicated that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rates at 50 : 1, 20 : 1, and 100 : 1 ratios when the TN was 100, 250, and $500{\mu}M$, respectively. In contrast, the N : P ratio with fixed TP experiments showed that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rates at 200 : 1 ratio at all tested TP concentrations. In conclusion, our results imply that the $NO_3{^-}:NH_4{^+}$ ratio and the $PO{_4}^{3-}$ concentration affect the early stage of growth of M. aeruginosa. In particular, our results suggest that the maximum growth of M. aeruginosa is not simply affected by the $NO_3{^-}:NH_4{^+}$ ratio and the N : P ratio, but is determined by the TN concentration if a certain minimum $PO{_4}^{3-}$ concentration is present.
Microcystis aeruginosa causes harmful algal blooms in the Nakdong River of Korea. We studied the effect of different concentrations and ratios of ammonium ($NH_4{^+}$), nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$), and phosphate ($PO{_4}^{3-}$) on growth of this species in BG-11 medium: each nutrient alone, $NO_3{^-}:NH_4{^+}$ ratio, the N : P ratio with fixed total N (TN), and the N : P ratio with fixed total P (TP). The single nutrient experiments indicated that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rate at $NH_4{^+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations of $500{\mu}M$, and at a $PO{_4}^{3-}$ concentration of $5{\mu}M$. The $NO_3{^-}:NH_4{^+}$ ratio experiments showed that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rate at a ratio of 1 : 1 when TN was $100{\mu}M$ and $250{\mu}M$, and the lowest growth rate at a ratio of 1 : 1 when the TN was $500{\mu}M$. The N : P ratio with fixed TN experiments indicated that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rates at 50 : 1, 20 : 1, and 100 : 1 ratios when the TN was 100, 250, and $500{\mu}M$, respectively. In contrast, the N : P ratio with fixed TP experiments showed that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rates at 200 : 1 ratio at all tested TP concentrations. In conclusion, our results imply that the $NO_3{^-}:NH_4{^+}$ ratio and the $PO{_4}^{3-}$ concentration affect the early stage of growth of M. aeruginosa. In particular, our results suggest that the maximum growth of M. aeruginosa is not simply affected by the $NO_3{^-}:NH_4{^+}$ ratio and the N : P ratio, but is determined by the TN concentration if a certain minimum $PO{_4}^{3-}$ concentration is present.
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문제 정의
In this study, we aimed to identify the effect of NO3-, NH4+, and PO43- on the growth of M. aeruginosa. We examined the effect of different concentrations of each nutrient alone, different NO3- : NH4+ ratios, and different N : P ratios to clarify the effects of N and P and the role of the N : P ratio on Microcystis growth.
제안 방법
All experiments were performed at a temperature of 30℃, light intensity of 67 ± 2 µmol photons m-2 s-1 on 16 : 8 h light-dark cycle, and at pH 8.0.
We examined the effect of different concentrations of each nutrient alone, different NO3- : NH4+ ratios, and different N : P ratios to clarify the effects of N and P and the role of the N : P ratio on Microcystis growth. Finally, we analyzed our results in light of recent data from the Nakdong River to suggest a strategy that may help to control Microcystis blooms.
The effects of NH4+, NO3-, and PO43- were tested in four sets of experiments: (1) different concentrations of each nutrient alone; (2) different NO3- : NH4+ ratios; (3) different N : P ratios with fixed total N (TN) concentration and variable P concentration (“N : P ratio with fixed TN”); and (4) different N : P ratios with fixed total P (TP) concentration and variable N concentration (“N : P ratio with fixed TP”).
데이터처리
Asterisks above graphs of (A) denote significant differences in cell density among treatments for the indicated day based on one-way ANOVA (**p < 0.01).
The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and Duncan’s post-hoc analysis.
이론/모형
1). A colony was isolated using the capillary method (Guillard 1973). Identification was confirmed by morphological and molecular analysis, and the strain has been maintained at Kyungpook National University, Korea.
성능/효과
After 24 days, the cell density was not significantly different for the diverse ratios at each TN concentration (p = 0.411 for 100 µM TN; p = 0.880 for 250 µM TN; p = 0.204 for 500 µM TN).
At all 3 tested P concentrations, the highest population growth and growth rate were at an N : P ratio of 200- : 1 (µ = 0.433 d-1 for 1 µM TP; µ = 0.447 d-1 for 5 µM TP; µ = 0.475 d-1 for 10 µM TP) (p < 0.01 for each comparison).
In conclusion, we suggest that the PO43- concentration in the Nakdong River should be reduced to below 1 µM during summer and early autumn to prevent the formation of Microcystis blooms.
Rücker and Giani (2004) reported that NH4+ had a greater effect than NO3- on the early growth of Microcystis, and that the growth rate was greater for NO3- than NH4+. Our results also showed that NH4+ promoted slightly faster cell growth initially, but the difference of NO3- and NH4+ did not differently affected the growth of M. aeruginosa.
Overall, the TN concentration had a significant effect on the growth of M. aeruginosa (p < 0.05), but the NO3- : NH4+ ratio had no such impact (p = 0.226).
Similarly, our results showed that M. aeruginosa had a lower growth rate at a TN concentration of 500 µM, indicating that decreased NO3- absorption in the presence of NH4+ seemed to hinder the growth of M. aeruginosa.
The maximum growth rate of M. aeruginosa occurred at 500 µM NO3- (µ = 0.268 d-1) and 500 µM NH4- and NH4+ concentrations significantly affected the growth of M. aeruginosa (p < 0.01), but the different forms of N had similar effects on that of this species (p = 0.388).
후속연구
However, the physiology of Microcystis is incompletely understood, and the N and P cycles are complicated in Nakdong River than in controlled laboratory experiments. Therefore, further studies are required to figure out physiological characteristics of Microcystis, to identify exact cause of the change of NH4+, NO3- and PO43-, and to develop effective strategies for control of Microcystis blooms.
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