Background: Species in the heterokont genus Synura are colonial and have silica scales whose ultrastructural characteristics are used for classification. We examined the ultrastructure of silica scales and molecular data (nuclear SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA, and plastid rbcL sequences) to better understan...
Background: Species in the heterokont genus Synura are colonial and have silica scales whose ultrastructural characteristics are used for classification. We examined the ultrastructure of silica scales and molecular data (nuclear SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA, and plastid rbcL sequences) to better understand the taxonomy and phylogeny within the section Petersenianae of genus Synura. In addition, we report the first finding of newly recorded Synura species from Korea. Results: We identified all species by examination of scale ultrastructure using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Three newly recorded species from Korea, Synura americana, Synura conopea, and Synura truttae were described based on morphological characters, such as cell size, scale shape, scale size, keel shape, number of struts, distance between struts, degree of interconnections between struts, size of base plate pores, keel pores, base plate hole, and posterior rim. The scales of the newly recorded species, which belong to the section Petersenianae, have a well-developed keel and a characteristic number of struts on the base plate. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data from three genes in 32 strains (including three outgroup species). The results provided strong statistical support that the section Petersenianae was monophyletic, and that all taxa within this section had well-developed keels and a defined number of struts on the base plate. Conclusions: The phylogenetic tree based on sequence data of three genes was congruent with the data on scale ultrastructure. The resulting phylogenetic tree strongly supported the existence of the section Petersenianae. In addition, we propose newly recorded Synura species from Korea based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters: S. americana, S. conopea, and S. truttae.
Background: Species in the heterokont genus Synura are colonial and have silica scales whose ultrastructural characteristics are used for classification. We examined the ultrastructure of silica scales and molecular data (nuclear SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA, and plastid rbcL sequences) to better understand the taxonomy and phylogeny within the section Petersenianae of genus Synura. In addition, we report the first finding of newly recorded Synura species from Korea. Results: We identified all species by examination of scale ultrastructure using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Three newly recorded species from Korea, Synura americana, Synura conopea, and Synura truttae were described based on morphological characters, such as cell size, scale shape, scale size, keel shape, number of struts, distance between struts, degree of interconnections between struts, size of base plate pores, keel pores, base plate hole, and posterior rim. The scales of the newly recorded species, which belong to the section Petersenianae, have a well-developed keel and a characteristic number of struts on the base plate. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data from three genes in 32 strains (including three outgroup species). The results provided strong statistical support that the section Petersenianae was monophyletic, and that all taxa within this section had well-developed keels and a defined number of struts on the base plate. Conclusions: The phylogenetic tree based on sequence data of three genes was congruent with the data on scale ultrastructure. The resulting phylogenetic tree strongly supported the existence of the section Petersenianae. In addition, we propose newly recorded Synura species from Korea based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters: S. americana, S. conopea, and S. truttae.
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제안 방법
The purpose of the present study was to provide a better understanding of the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny within the section Petersenianae of genus Synura by analysis of the ultrastructure of the silica scales and molecular data (nuclear SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA, and plastid rbcL sequences) and to describe three species of Synura that are new to Korea.
대상 데이터
Specimens examined: KNUJO-YG20160117, NIBRFL 0000131748, and NIBRFL0000131749.
The sequence data from this study were deposited in GenBank with the accession codes KX610938-KX610949.
Synura is the most common and widespread genus in many phytoplankton floras (Kristiansen & Preisig 2007). The species in this genus are colonial flagellates with two visible flagella and two chloroplasts, and are covered by imbricate silica scales. Several scale morphologies (apical scales, body scales, transition scales, and caudal scales) occur at different locations on the surface of the same cell.
2011). Voucher specimens were stored at the Kyungpook National University Herbarium. For field emission transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cells were prepared by air drying onto formvar coated copper grids.
이론/모형
GTR + I + G model for all the individual and concatenated data sets was selected. We used the GTR + I + G nucleotide model as implemented in RAxML v8 (Stamatakis 2014). Bayesian analyses were run using MrBayes 3.
성능/효과
00 and ML = 92). The five strains of S. americana were monophyletic group (pp = 1.00 and ML = 95), and the intraspecific similarity based on nuclear ITS rDNA sequence data ranged from 99.9% to 100.0%. The five strains of S.
00 and ML = 94). The five strains of S. conopea formed a monophyletic lineage with strong support values (pp =1.00 and ML = 100), and the intraspecific similarity based on nuclear ITS rDNA sequence data ranged from 98.5% to 100.0%. The five strains of S.
glabra. The five strains of S. petersenii formed a strongly supported monophyletic lineage (pp = 1.00 and ML = 100) and was a sister group to the five strains of S. americana, which included KNUJOCM20151226 (pp = 1.00 and ML = 92). The five strains of S.
0%. The five strains of S. truttae (including KNUJOHJ20151222) were a sister group to the five strains of S. conopea, which included KNUJO-YG20160117 (pp = 1.00 and ML = 94). The five strains of S.
0%. The five strains of S. truttae formed a monophyletic lineage with strong support values (pp = 1.00 and ML = 100), and the intraspecific similarity based on nuclear ITS rDNA sequence data was 100.0%.
4). The phylogenetic tree consisted of species of the section Petersenianae, each of which has a well-developed keel and a number of struts on the base plate. The section Petersenianae formed a strongly supported monophyletic lineage (pp = 1.
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