[논문]Associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol flush reaction with leukocyte telomere length in Korean adults

Wang, Hyewon; Kim, Hyungjo; Baik, Inkyung

doi:10.4162/nrp.2017.11.4.334

Associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol flush reaction with leukocyte telomere length in Korean adults 원문보기

Nutrition research and practice, v.11 no.4, 2017년, pp.334 - 339

Wang, Hyewon (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University) , Kim, Hyungjo (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University) , Baik, Inkyung (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Telomere length is a useful biomarker for determining general aging status. Some studies have reported an association between alcohol consumption and telomere length in a general population; however, it is unclear whether the alcohol flush reaction, which is an alcohol-related trait predominantly due to acetaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, is associated with telomere length. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol flush reaction with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study included 1,803 Korean adults. Participants provided blood specimens for LTL measurement assay and reported their alcohol drinking status and the presence of an alcohol flush reaction via a questionnaire-based interview. Relative LTL was determined by using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis used multiple linear regression models stratified by sex and age groups, and potential confounding factors were considered. RESULTS: Age-specific analyses showed that heavy alcohol consumption (> 30 g/day) was strongly associated with a reduced LTL in participants aged ${\geq}65years$ (P 15 g/day of alcohol (P < 0.01). No significant alcohol consumption or alcohol flush reaction associations with LTL were observed in the sex-specific analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that older alcohol drinkers, particularly those with the alcohol flush reaction, may have an accelerated aging process.

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문제 정의

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol flush reaction with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). Because alcohol consumption and/or the prevalence of the alcohol flush reaction may differ by sex or age, our evaluations of the associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol flush reaction with LTL were stratified by sex and age.

가설 설정

Model 2: data are adjusted for age, sex, income status, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity levels, sleep duration, and presence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus.

제안 방법

Data are adjusted for age, sex, income status, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity levels, sleep duration, and presence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus.
Data on potential confounding variables, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), physical activity levels denoted as metabolic equivalents (MET-h), average daily sleep duration at night, household monthly income, smoking status, and presence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, were collected from questionnaires completed between February 2011 and November 2012.
However, there are some limitations that should be considered when interpreting our findings. First, this study was a cross-sectional study; thus, a causal relationship between alcohol consumption or alcohol flush reaction and telomere length remains undetermined. Second, we measured the relative telomere length of leukocytes, which is generally shorter than that of somatic cells.
In the multiple linear regression models, age, BMI, physical activity levels, and sleep duration were fitted as continuous variables while sex, household monthly income (< 2,000,000 won, 2,000,000-3,999,999 won, ≥ 4,000,000 won), smoking status (never smokers, former smokers, current smokers), and the presence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus were fitted as categorical variables.
The associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol flush reaction with LTL, which was transformed using the natural logarithm function to minimize the effect of outliers, were evaluated by using linear regression analysis stratified by sex and age groups (< 65 years, ≥ 65 years).
In the interviews, information on sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, and lifestyle factors, including smoking behavior, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet was collected. The health examination included standardized measurements of anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure, clinical assessment, and collection of blood samples. Participants took part in biennial follow-up interviews and health examinations and provided written informed consent at every visit.
Detailed information on the questionnaire used to determine alcohol consumption is available in a previous study [19]. The questionnaire enquired about alcohol drinking history, as well as amount and frequency of alcohol consumption in the past year according to specific alcoholic beverages and included questions about physical responses (e.g., whether the subject has a flush reaction after consumption of one drink; whether they have different moods after consumption of one drink). The average daily amount of alcohol consumption (g/day) was calculated by adding the beverage-specific alcohol amounts consumed.
The strengths of this study include its large sample size from a general population, the use of a wide range of information on confounding factors, and analyses that were stratified by sex and age. However, there are some limitations that should be considered when interpreting our findings.

대상 데이터

Between February 2011 and November 2012 LTL measurement assays were performed by using blood samples from 2,137 participants. After excluding 334 participants who showed an outlier LTL value (n = 1) or reported a diagnosis of cancer or cardiovascular disease (n = 333), data from 1,803 participants were included in the analyses.
Between February 2011 and November 2012 LTL measurement assays were performed by using blood samples from 2,137 participants. After excluding 334 participants who showed an outlier LTL value (n = 1) or reported a diagnosis of cancer or cardiovascular disease (n = 333), data from 1,803 participants were included in the analyses.

데이터처리

According to the categories of alcohol consumption, such as abstainers or past alcohol drinkers, light drinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers, descriptive statistics were calculated. The significance of the differences among the categories was evaluated by using the chi-squared test and analysis of variance. The associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol flush reaction with LTL, which was transformed using the natural logarithm function to minimize the effect of outliers, were evaluated by using linear regression analysis stratified by sex and age groups (< 65 years, ≥ 65 years).

이론/모형

Purified DNA samples were diluted and quantified by using a NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer. The telomere repeat copy number and the single-copy gene (36B4, which encodes acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein) copy number were obtained by using an iQ Multi-Color Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The final concentrations of the components of the polymerase chain reaction mixture were 1× SYBR Green Super Mix (Bio-Rad), 50 ng DNA, 0.

성능/효과

To calculate a relative value of LTL for each sample, the amount of telomeric DNA was divided by the amount of 36B4 DNA. A validity test was applied and its results demonstrated that the Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.78 (intra-assay) and 0.69 (inter-assay) when 25 samples were run in triplicate.
In conclusion, in this cross-sectional study, we observed that heavy alcohol consumption (> 30 g/day) is associated with a shortened LTL in people aged 65 years or older, and that a lower level of alcohol consumption is associated with shorter LTL in those with the alcohol flush reaction.
Our study results showed that, among subjects aged 65 years or older, heavy alcohol drinkers consuming > 30 g/day of alcohol had significantly reduced LTL compared with abstainers.
However, LTL is considered a useful and representative biomarker for indicating the general telomere length because the rates of telomere shortening are similar in somatic cells and leukocytes [25]. Third, limited generalizability is another weakness of our study because the alcohol flush reaction is mainly found in East Asians, not in individuals of European or African descent.

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