[논문]양육과 애착의 진화

최성구

양육과 애착의 진화
The Evolution of Caregiving and Attachment 원문보기

생물정신의학 = Korean journal of biological psychiatry, v.24 no.3, 2017년, pp.83 - 94

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Caregiving for the children seems to be one of the most challenging tasks for the parents who should devote themselves totally despite endangering them. From the evolutionary perspective, this human behavior must have been the advantage in the survival of the species and rooted in ethological origin. John Bowlby, a child psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and great developmental researcher, had formulated the attachment theory linking psychoanalysis and ethology through evolutionary biology. His and later following researchers' outcomes have provided enormous influence on viewing parental caregiving and the insight of human relationships and interventions. This article overviews the attachment theory in terms of the goal oriented cybernetic system to gain the survival advantage of the offspring and investigates the evolutionary origin of the caregiving and attachment from the retiles of the Mesozoic era to the mammalian revolution and finally to the human being. Deeper understanding of the nurturance and adult relationships from the standpoint of evolution can provide clinical utility of awareness of clients' lives.

주제어

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	Bowbly가 기술한 행동제어시스템이란?	Bowlby8)가 기술한 행동제어시스템은 목표가 주어지면 시스템이 현재 상태와 목표 상태를 비교하여 불일치 간격을 해소하는 방향으로 움직이는 자동제어(cybernetic) 시스템이다. 이때 현재 상태와 목표 상태의 차이를 시스템에 되돌리는 피드백(feedback)과 선제적으로 목표를 향해 움직이는 피드포워드(feedforward)를 동시에 사용하여 불일치를 해소 하려고 한다.
	애착 논리의 기본 두가지 양식은 무엇인가?	애착 논리의 여러 양식 중에서 두 가지 기본 양식은 근접애착(proximity attachment) 및 안전애착(security attachment)이다.
	성인 행동에 대해 근접애착의 적용 가능성에서 제기된 문제 두가지는?	첫 번째 문제는 설정된 목표인 근접성의 우선 순위였다. 근접성은 성인 관계에 적용될 때 지나치게 단순한 목표처럼 보였다. 또, 연구자들은 애착을 형성한 아이들이 보호자들과 가장 근접 상태에 있지 않다는 것을 관찰했다. 반대로, 이 아이들은 더 탐험 행동을 보였고, 애착 대상으로부터 더 멀리 떨어져 있었으며, 보호자들로부터 잠시 떨어져 있을 때도 불안감을 덜 보였다.6)17)18) 이 현상에 대한 설명은 애착이 양육자에 대한 유아의 근접을 유도하는 동시에, 애착을 통해 양육자와 안전하게 연결된 유아는 자신의 양육자를 언제든 이용 가능하고 중재가 필요한 상황에서는 양육자가 즉시 개입할 것이라고 확신하기 때문에 오히려 근접을 줄일 수 있다고 추론했다. 따라서 애착이론의 보호버전은 애착행동제어시스템의 목표로 물리적 근접성(physical proximity)보다는 감정적 보호(emotional security)를 설정한다.18-21) 두 번째 문제는 근접애착의 견고성을 성인 애착현상을 통해 유연하게 전환하는 것이다. 근접애착작업모델은 견고해서 어린 시절의 애착 스타일은 치료를 통해 수정하기 어려운 것으로 알려져 있다.17)22) 그러나 보호애착작업모델은 자기와 타인 간의 감정적인 관계를 설정목표로 하는 유연한 모델이다.23)이 내부작업모델에서는 과거 애착대상과의 경험을 인지적으로 입력하고, 관계에 대한 감정적 평가가 포함되어 있다.24) 따라서 인지모델과 감정 평가를 달리하면 보호애착의 내부작업모델은 변화 가능하다.

참고문헌 (70)

Bell DC, Richard AJ. Caregiving: the forgotten element in attachment. Psychol Inq 2000;11:69-83.

상세보기
Simons RL, Whitbeck LB, Conger RD, Melby JN. Husband and wife differences in determinants of parenting: a social learning and exchange model of parental behavior. J Marriage Fam 1990;52:375-392.

상세보기
LaRossa R, Reitzes DC. Continuity and change in middle class fatherhood, 1925-1939: the culture-conduct connection. J Marriage Fam 1993;55:455-468.

상세보기
Nye FI. Family mini theories as special instances of choice and exchange theory. J Marriage Fam 1980;42:479-489.

상세보기
Bell DC. The dynamics of connection: how evolution and biology create caregiving and attachment. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books; 2010. p.6-16.
Bowlby J. A secure base: parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York, NY: Basic Books;1988.
Kobak R. The emotional dynamics of disruptions in attachment relationships: implications for theory, research, and clinical intervention. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR, editors. Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999. p.21-43.
Bowlby J. Attachment and loss, volume 1: attachment. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Basic Books;1982.
Dawkins R. The selfish gene. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;1989.
Tattersall I. Becoming human: evolution and human uniqueness. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace;1998.
Bretherton I. Young children in stressful situations: the supporting role of attachment figures and unfamiliar caregivers. In: Coelho GV, Ahmed PI, editors. Uprooting and development. New York, NY: Plenum Press;1980. p.179-210.
Hinde RA. On describing relationships. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1976;17:1-19.

상세보기
Hinde RA. Attachment: some conceptual and biological issues. In: Parkes CM, Stevenson-Hinde J, editors. The place of attachment in human behavior. New York, NY: Basic Books;1982. p.60-75.
Bowlby J. Psychoanalysis as a natural science. Int Rev Psychoanal 1981;8:243-256.
Solomon J, George C. Defining the caregiving system: toward a theory of caregiving. Infant Ment Health J 1996;17:183-197.

상세보기
Berman WH, Sperling MB. The structure and function of adult attachment. In: Sperling MB, Berman WH, editors. Attachment in adults: clinical and developmental perspectives. New York, NY: Guilford Press;1994. p.1-28.
Feeney J, Noller P. Adult attachment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications;1996.
Sroufe LA, Waters E. Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Dev 1977;48:1184-1199.

상세보기
Bartholomew K. Avoidance of intimacy: an attachment perspective. J Soc Pers Relat 1990;7:147-178.

상세보기
Sroufe LA, Fleeson J. Attachment and the construction of relationships. In: Hartup WW, Rubin Z, editors. Relationships and development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates;1986. p.51-71.
West ML, Sheldon-Keller AE. Patterns of relating: an adult attachment perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press;1994.
Bowlby J. Attachment and loss. vol 2: separation: anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books;1973.
Diamond D, Blatt SJ. Internal working models and the representational world in attachment and psychoanalytic theories. In: Sperling MB, Berman WH, editors. Attachment in adults: clinical and developmental perspectives. New York, NY: Guilford Press;1994. p.72- 97.
Collins NL. Working models of attachment: implications for explanation, emotion and behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol 1996;71:810-832.

상세보기
Heard D, Lake B. The challenge of attachment for caregiving. London: Routledge;1997.
Ainsworth MD. Attachments beyond infancy. Am Psychol 1989;44: 709-716.

상세보기
Cassidy J. The nature of the child's ties. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR, editors. Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press;1999. p.3-20.
George C, Solomon J. Attachment and caregiving: the caregiving behavioral system. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR, editors. Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press;1999. p.649-670.
Masson JM, McCarthy S. When elephants weep: the emotional lives of animals. New York, NY: Delta;1995.
Deacon TW. Rethinking mammalian brain evolution. Am Zool 1990; 30:629-705.

상세보기
Tooby J, Cosmides L. The psychological foundations of culture. In: Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J, editors. The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press;1992. p.19-136.
Damasio AR. Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York, NY: Avon Books;1994.
Dawkins R. The blind watchmaker. 6th ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co.;1987.
LeDoux J. The emotional brain: the mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York, NY: Weidenfeld & Nicolson;1997.
Plutchik R. Emotion: a psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York, NY: Harper & Row;1980.
MacLean PD. The triune brain in evolution: role in paleocerebral functions. New York, NY: Plenum;1990.
Luo ZX. Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution. Nature 2007;450:1011-1019.

상세보기
Heckhausen J. Evolutionary perspectives on human motivation. Am Behav Sci 2000;43:1015-1029.

상세보기
Panksepp J. Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press;1998.
Clutton-Brock TH. The evolution of parental care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press;1991.
Daly M, Wilson M. Sex, evolution and behavior. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing;1983.
Maestripieri D. The biology of human parenting: insights from nonhuman primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1999;23:411-422.

상세보기
Shaver PR, Hazan C. A biased overview of the study of love. J Soc Pers Relat 1988;5:473-501.

상세보기
Mason WA, Mendoza SP. Generic aspects of primate attachments: parents, offspring and mates. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998;23: 765-778.

상세보기
Tudge C. The variety of life: a survey & a celebration of all the creatures that have ever lived. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000.
Fortey R. Life: a natural history of the first four billion years of life on earth. New York, NY: Knopf;1997.
Carter CS. Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998;23:779-818.

상세보기
Insel TR, Young L, Wang Z. Molecular aspects of monogamy. In: Carter CS, Lederhendler II, Kirkpatrick B, editors. The integrative neurobiology of affiliation. London: The MIT Press;1999. p.183-197.
Keverne EB, Nevison CM, Martel FL. Early learning and the social bond. In: Carter CS, Lederhendler II, Kirkpatrick B, editors. The integrative neurobiology of affiliation. London: The MIT Press;1999. p.263-273.
Nelson EE, Panksepp J. Brain substrates of infant-mother attachment: contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998;22:437-452.

상세보기
Young LJ, Wang Z. The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nat Neurosci 2004;7:1048-1054.

상세보기
Berscheid E. The greening of relationship science. Am Psychol 1999;54:260-266.

상세보기
Ross S, Sawin PB, Zarrow MX, Denenberg VH. Maternal behavior in the rabbit. In: Rheingold HL, editor. Maternal behavior in mammals. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;1963. p.94-121.
Lockley RM. The private life of the rabbit: an account of the life history and social behaviour of the wild rabbit. London: Andre Deutsch;1964.
Rosenblatt JS. Landmarks in the physiological study of maternal behavior with special reference to the rat. In: Krasnegor NA, Bridges RS, editors. Mammalian parenting. New York; Oxford University Press;1990. p.40-60.
Vom Saal FS, Franks P, Boechler M, Palanza P, Parmigiani S. Nest defense and survival of offspring in highly aggressive wild Canadian female house mice. Physiol Behav 1995;58:669-678.

상세보기
Altmann M. Naturalistic studies of maternal care in moose and elk. In: Rheingold HL, editor. Maternal behavior in mammals. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;1963. p.233-253.
Schneirla TC, Rosenblatt JS, Tobach E. Maternal behavior in the cat. In: Rheingold HL, editor. Maternal behavior in mammals. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;1963. p.122-168.
Rheingold HL. Maternal behavior in the dog. In: Rheingold HL, editor. Maternal behavior in mammals. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;1963. p.169-202.
Erikson EH. Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton;1963.
LaRossa R, LaRossa MM. Transition to parenthood: how infants change families. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications;1981.
Rapoport R, Rapoport RN, Strelitz Z. Fathers, mothers and others: towards new alliances. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul;1977.
Plotkin H. Evolution in mind: an introduction to evolutionary psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press;1997.
Noirot E. Ultrasounds and maternal behavior in small rodents. Dev Psychobiol 1972;5:371-387.

상세보기
Smith JC, Sales GD. Ultrasonic behavior and mother-infant interactions in rodents. In: Bell RW, Smotherman WP, editors. Maternal influences and early behavior. New York, NY: Spectrum Publications;1980. p.213-237.
Johanson D, Edey M. Lucy: the beginnings of humankind. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster;1981.
Conroy GC. Reconstructing human origins. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company;1997. p.205-237.
Lovejoy CO. The origin of man. Science 1981;211:341-350.

상세보기
Eccles JC. Evolution of the brain: creation of the self. 1st ed. London: Routledge;1991. p.104-108.
Bretherton I. The Origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Dev Psychol 1992;28:759-775.

상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증