Oh, Ju Kyoung
(Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University)
,
Pajarillo, Edward Alain B.
(College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University)
,
Chae, Jong Pyo
(Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University)
,
Kim, In Ho
(Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University)
,
Kang, Dae-Kyung
(Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University)
Objective: This study investigated the effects of Bacillus subtilis CSL2 (B. subtilis CSL2) administration before Salmonella challenge on the fecal microbiota and microbial functionality of Hy-line Brown (HLB) laying hens. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from control (CON), Salmonella-infected...
Objective: This study investigated the effects of Bacillus subtilis CSL2 (B. subtilis CSL2) administration before Salmonella challenge on the fecal microbiota and microbial functionality of Hy-line Brown (HLB) laying hens. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from control (CON), Salmonella-infected (SAL) and Salmonella-infected, probiotic-treated (PRO) groups before and after Salmonella challenge for microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Results: Infection with Salmonella led to decreased microbial diversity in hen feces; diversity was recovered with Bacillus administration. In addition, Salmonella infection triggered significant alterations in the composition of the fecal microbiota. The abundance of the phylum Firmicutes decreased while that of Proteobacteria, which includes a wide variety of pathogens, increased significantly. Bacillus administration resulted in normal levels of abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Analysis of bacterial genera showed that Salmonella challenge decreased the population of Lactobacillus, the most abundant genus, and increased populations of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium genera by a factor of 3 to 5. On the other hand, Bacillus administration caused the abundance of the Lactobacillus genus to recover to control levels and decreased the population of Pseudomonas significantly. Further analysis of operational taxonomic units revealed a high abundance of genes associated with two-component systems and secretion systems in the SAL group, whereas the PRO group had more genes associated with ribosomes. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that B. subtilis CSL2 administration can modulate the microbiota in HLB laying hens, potentially acting as a probiotic to protect against Salmonella Gallinarum infection.
Objective: This study investigated the effects of Bacillus subtilis CSL2 (B. subtilis CSL2) administration before Salmonella challenge on the fecal microbiota and microbial functionality of Hy-line Brown (HLB) laying hens. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from control (CON), Salmonella-infected (SAL) and Salmonella-infected, probiotic-treated (PRO) groups before and after Salmonella challenge for microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Results: Infection with Salmonella led to decreased microbial diversity in hen feces; diversity was recovered with Bacillus administration. In addition, Salmonella infection triggered significant alterations in the composition of the fecal microbiota. The abundance of the phylum Firmicutes decreased while that of Proteobacteria, which includes a wide variety of pathogens, increased significantly. Bacillus administration resulted in normal levels of abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Analysis of bacterial genera showed that Salmonella challenge decreased the population of Lactobacillus, the most abundant genus, and increased populations of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium genera by a factor of 3 to 5. On the other hand, Bacillus administration caused the abundance of the Lactobacillus genus to recover to control levels and decreased the population of Pseudomonas significantly. Further analysis of operational taxonomic units revealed a high abundance of genes associated with two-component systems and secretion systems in the SAL group, whereas the PRO group had more genes associated with ribosomes. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that B. subtilis CSL2 administration can modulate the microbiota in HLB laying hens, potentially acting as a probiotic to protect against Salmonella Gallinarum infection.
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문제 정의
Gallinarum infection, including increased growth of Lactobacillus and inhibition of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium. The insights of this study will improve preventive measures and strategies against Salmonella infection in laying hens. Moreover, the results of the study provide additional insight into the mode of Salmonella infection and the potential of probiotics as protective agents in poultry production.
제안 방법
This study examined changes in the fecal microbiome over the course of Salmonella infection in laying hens with and without the probiotic supplement B. subtilis CSL2. HLB laying hens aged 31 weeks were divided into three groups of eight birds each: control (CON), Salmonella-infected without probiotic administration (SAL), and Bacillus-fed Salmonella-infected (PRO) groups.
Furthermore, PICRUSt was used to identify differences between the functional potential of the bacterial communities among different HLB laying hen groups [10]. Using the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) prediction for level 3 ortholog functions, differences between the CON, SAL, and PRO groups were observed and a loading plot was created to identify the most distinguishing functions among groups after 72 hours. Tukey’s honestly significant difference was employed to compare functional differences between groups, with a significance threshold of p<0.
데이터처리
Significant differences (p<0.05) were calculated using compare_categories.py using the PERMANOVA test.
성능/효과
After Salmonella challenge in the SAL group, populations of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium increased by a factor of 3 to 5, whereas populations of unclassified Clostridiales decreased significantly (Figure 2B). On the other hand, in the PRO group, the abundance of Lactobacillus recovered to the level of the CON group, and the population of Pseudomonas decreased significantly.
Gallinarum was then orally administered to the SAL and PRO groups. The microbiota of HLB laying hens orally challenged with S. Gallinarum and not given B. subtilis CSL2 displayed lower bacterial diversity than that of uninfected laying hens, but the greatest diversity was exhibited in the PRO group. These compositional changes in the microbiota were also observed in downstream analysis.
Alpha diversity values were measured as Shannon and Simpson diversity indices in the CON, SAL, and PRO groups. While the Shannon and Simpson values were similar across all groups before S. Gallinarum infection, after infection the diversity values of the SAL group decreased relative to those of the CON and PRO groups. Previous studies in pigs and broiler chickens have shown that pathogen infection lowers the alpha diversity of the microbiota, while probiotic or prebiotic administration may increase bacterial diversity [8,10].
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