[논문]Ginseng and obesity

Li, Zhipeng; Ji, Geun Eog

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.005

Ginseng and obesity 원문보기

Journal of ginseng research = 高麗人參學會誌, v.42 no.1, 2018년, pp.1 - 8

Li, Zhipeng (Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University) , Ji, Geun Eog (Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Although ginseng has been shown to have an antiobesity effect, antiobesity-related mechanisms are complex and have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated ginseng's effects on food intake, the digestion, and absorption systems, as well as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in order to identify the mechanisms involved. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase pathway and can reduce energy intake. Moreover, in high fat dietinduced obese and diabetic individuals, ginseng has shown a two-way adjustment effect on adipogenesis. Nevertheless, most of the previous studies into antiobesity effects of ginseng have been animal based, and there is a paucity of evidence supporting the suggestion that ginseng can exert an antiobesity effect in humans.

주제어

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

문제 정의

Generally, only the ginsenosides cK and Rh1 (or F1), the degraded forms of PPD and PPT types, respectively, can be absorbed into the circulatory system after oral intake [5]. This review is aimed at evaluating the antiobesity efficacy of ginseng and ginsenosides and delineating the mechanisms by which they function.

참고문헌 (100)

1 Yoon K.H. Lee J.H. Kim J.W. Cho J.H. Choi Y.H. Ko S.H. Zimmet P. Son H.-Y. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia Lancet 368 2006 1681 1688 17098087
2 Bojanowska E. Ciosek J. Can we selectively reduce appetite for energy-dense foods? An overview of pharmacological strategies for modification of food preference behavior Curr Neuropharmacol 14 2016 118 142 26549651

상세보기
3 Wood S. Diet drug orlistat linked to kidney, pancreas injuries Medscape. Medscape News. Retrieved 2011 26
4 Kim D. Intestinal microflora activate the pharmacological effects of herbal medicines Nat Prod Sci 8 2002 35 43
5 Tawab M.A. Bahr U. Karas M. Wurglics M. Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Degradation of ginsenosides in humans after oral administration Drug Metab Disposition 31 2003 1065 1071
6 Thaler J.P. Schwartz M.W. Inflammation and obesity pathogenesis: the hypothalamus heats up Endocr Rev 151 2010 4109 4115
7 Manousopoulou A. Koutmani Y. Karaliota S. Woelk C. Manolakos E. Karalis K. Garbis S. Hypothalamus proteomics from mouse models with obesity and anorexia reveals therapeutic targets of appetite regulation Nut Diab 6 2016 e204
8 Wu Y. Yu Y. Szabo A. Han M. Huang X.F. Central inflammation and leptin resistance are attenuated by ginsenoside Rb1 treatment in obese mice fed a high-fat diet PLoS One 9 2014 e92618 24675731
9 Lee Y.S. Cha B.Y. Yamaguchi K. Choi S.S. Yonezawa T. Teruya T. Nagai K. Woo J.T. Effects of Korean white ginseng extracts on obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice Cytotechnology 62 2010 367 376 20862608

상세보기
10 Kim J.H. Kang S.A. Han S.M. Shim I. Comparison of the antiobesity effects of the protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type saponins of red ginseng Phytother Res 23 2009 78 85 18709638
11 Yun S.N. Ko S.K. Lee K.H. Chung S.H. Vinegar-processed ginseng radix improves metabolic syndrome induced by a high fat diet in ICR mice Arch Pharm Res 30 2007 587 595 17615678

원문보기 상세보기
12 Lee M.R. Kim B.C. Kim R. Oh H.I. Kim H.K. Choi K.J. Sung C.K. Anti-obesity effects of black ginseng extract in high fat diet-fed mice J Ginseng Res 37 2013 308 314 24198656
13 Zhang Y. Yu L. Cai W. Fan S. Feng L. Ji G. Huang C. Protopanaxatriol, a novel PPARγ antagonist from Panax ginseng , alleviates steatosis in mice Sci Rep 4 2014

상세보기
14 Seo Y.S. Shon M.Y. Kong R. Kang O.H. Zhou T. Kim D.Y. Park J.D. Kwon D.Y. Black ginseng extract exerts anti-hyperglycemic effect via modulation of glucose metabolism in liver and muscle J Ethnopharmacol 190 2016 231 240 27260409

상세보기
15 Lee H. Park D. Yoon M. Korean red ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) prevents obesity by inhibiting angiogenesis in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice Food Chem Toxicol 53 2013 402 408 23232078

상세보기
16 Yuan H.D. Kim J.T. Chung S.H. Pectinase-processed Ginseng radix (GINST) ameliorates hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in high fat diet-fed ICR mice Biomol Ther 20 2012 220 225
17 Lee H. Kim M. Shin S.S. Yoon M. Ginseng treatment reverses obesity and related disorders by inhibiting angiogenesis in female db/db mice J Ethnopharmacol 155 2014 1342 1352 25072361

상세보기
18 Shen L. Xiong Y. Wang D.Q. Howles P. Basford J.E. Wang J. Xiong Y.Q. Hui D.Y. Woods S.C. Liu M. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces fatty liver by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in obese rats J Lipid Res 54 2013 1430 1438 23434611

상세보기
19 Liu W. Zheng Y. Han L. Wang H. Saito M. Ling M. Kimura Y. Feng Y. Saponins (Ginsenosides) from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolium prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice Phytomedicine 15 2008 1140 1145 18768305

상세보기
20 Liu R. Zhang J. Liu W. Kimura Y. Zheng Y. Anti-obesity effects of protopanaxdiol types of ginsenosides isolated from the leaves of American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) in mice fed with a high-fat diet Fitoterapia 81 2010 1079 1087 20627120

상세보기
21 Ko S.K. Bae H.M. Cho O.S. Im B.O. Chung S.H. Lee B.Y. Analysis of ginsenoside composition of ginseng berry and seed Food Sci Biotechnol 17 2008 1379 1382

원문보기 상세보기
22 Karu N. Reifen R. Kerem Z. Weight gain reduction in mice fed Panax ginseng saponin, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor J agric Food Chem 55 2007 2824 2828 17367157

상세보기
23 Jung S. Lee M.S. Shin Y. Kim C.T. Kim I.H. Kim Y.S. Kim Y. Anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of high hydrostatic pressure extracts of ginseng in high-fat diet induced obese rats J Funct Foods 10 2014 169 177

상세보기
24 Chang T.C. Huang S.F. Yang T.C. Chan F.N. Lin H.C. Chang W.L. Effect of ginsenosides on glucose uptake in human Caco-2 cells is mediated through altered Na + /glucose cotransporter 1 expression J Agric Food Chem 55 2007 1993 1998 17269785

상세보기
25 Wang C.W. Su S.C. Huang S.F. Huang Y.C. Chan F.N. Kuo Y.H. Hung M.W. Lin H.C. Chang W.L. Chang T.C. An essential role of cAMP response element binding protein in ginsenoside Rg1-mediated inhibition of Na + /glucose cotransporter 1 gene expression Mol Pharmacol 88 2015 1072 1083 26429938

상세보기
26 Winder W. Hardie D. AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles in type 2 diabetes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 277 1999 E1 E10
27 Do Y. Kim J.S. Yuan H.D. Chung S.H. Fermented ginseng attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation and hyperglycemia through AMPK activation Food Sci Biotechnol 18 2009 172 178

원문보기 상세보기
28 Lee M.S. Kim C.T. Kim I.H. Kim Y. Effects of Korean Red Ginseng extract on hepatic lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 79 2015 816 819 25774635

상세보기
29 Quan H.Y. Yuan H.D. Jung M.S. Ko S.K. Park Y.G. Chung S.H. Ginsenoside Re lowers blood glucose and lipid levels via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in HepG2 cells and high-fat diet fed mice Int J Mol Med 29 2012 73 21971952
30 Kim S.J. Yuan H.D. Chung S.H. Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses hepatic glucose production via AMP-activated protein kinase in HepG2 cells Biol Pharm Bull 33 2010 325 328 20118562

상세보기
31 Quan H.Y. Yuan H.D. Zhang Y. Chung S.H. Korean red ginseng attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation via AMPK activation in human hepatoma cells Food Sci Biotechnol 19 2010 207 212

원문보기 상세보기
32 Lee H.J. Park S.K. Han S.J. Kim S.H. Hur K.Y. Kang E.S. Ahn C.W. Cha B.S. Kim K.S. Lee H.C. Korean Red Ginseng activates AMPK in skeletal muscle and liver Diabetes 56 2007 pA448
33 Lee S. Lee M.S. Kim C.T. Kim I.H. Kim Y. Ginsenoside Rg3 reduces lipid accumulation with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in HepG2 cells Int J Mol Sci 13 2012 5729 5739 22754327
34 Chang W.L. Ho Y.H. Huang Y.C. Huang S.F. Lin J.Y. Lin H.C. Chang T.C. The inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on glucose and lipid production in human HepG2 cells Adaptive Med 5 2013 181 188
35 Lee M.S. Shin Y. Kim Y. Effect of the high hydrostatic pressure extract of Korean ginseng on hepatic lipid metabolism and AMP-activated protein kinase activation in HepG2 cells (1045.25) FASEB J 28 2014 1045.1025
36 Sekiya K. Okuda H. Hotta Y. Arichi S. Enhancement of adipose differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts by ginsenosides Phytother Res 1 1987 58 60
37 Masuno H. Kitao H. Okuda H. Ginsenosides increase secretion of lipoprotein lipase by 3T3-L1 adipocytes Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60 1996 1962 1965 8988629

상세보기
38 Shang W. Yang Y. Jiang B. Jin H. Zhou L. Liu S. Ginsenoside Rb 1 promotes adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by enhancing PPARγ 2 and C/EBPα gene expression Life Sci 80 2007 618 625 17129589
39 Han K.L. Jung M.H. Sohn J.H. Hwang J.K. Ginsenoside 20 ( S )-protopanaxatriol (PPT) activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. GAMMA. (PPAR. GAMMA.) in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Biol Pharm Bull 29 2006 110 113 16394521
40 Hwang J.T. Kim S.H. Lee M.S. Kim S.H. Yang H.J. Kim M.J. Kim H.S. Ha J. Kim M.S. Kwon D.Y. Anti-obesity effects of ginsenoside Rh2 are associated with the activation of AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte Biochem Biophys Res Commun 364 2007 1002 1008 17971295

상세보기
41 Park S. Ahn I.S. Kwon D.Y. Ko B.S. Jun W.K. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 suppress triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and enhance β-cell insulin secretion and viability in Min6 cells via PKA-dependent pathways Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72 2008 2815 2823 18997435

상세보기
42 Shang W. Yang Y. Zhou L. Jiang B. Jin H. Chen M. Ginsenoside Rb1 stimulates glucose uptake through insulin-like signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes J Endocrinol 198 2008 561 569 18550785

상세보기
43 Hwang J.T. Lee M.S. Kim H.J. Sung M.J. Kim H.Y. Kim M.S. Kwon D.Y. Antiobesity effect of ginsenoside Rg3 involves the AMPK and PPAR-γ signal pathways Phytother Res 23 2009 262 266 18844326
44 Kim E.J. Lee H.I. Chung K.J. Noh Y.H. Ro Y.T. Koo J.H. The ginsenoside-Rb2 lowers cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes cultured under high cholesterol or fatty acids conditions BMB Rep 42 2009 194 199 19403041

원문보기 상세보기
45 Huang Y.C. Lin C.Y. Huang S.F. Lin H.C. Chang W.L. Chang T.C. Effect and mechanism of ginsenosides CK and Rg1 on stimulation of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes J Agric Food Chem 58 2010 6039 6047 20441170

상세보기
46 Niu C.S. Yeh C.H. Yeh M.F. Cheng J.T. Increase of adipogenesis by ginsenoside (Rh2) in 3T3-L1 cell via an activation of glucocorticoid receptor Horm Metab Res 41 2009 271 276 19048455

상세보기
47 Kim S.N. Lee J.H. Shin H. Son S.H. Kim Y.S. Effects of in vitro-digested ginsenosides on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Planta Med 75 2009 596 601 19204893

상세보기
48 Kim S.O. Ginseng saponin-Re and Coix lachrymajobi var. mayuen regulate obesity related genes expressions, TNF-alpha, leptin, lipoprotein lipase and resistin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes J Life Sci 17 2007 1523 1532
49 Kim S.O. Lee H.E. Choe W.K. The effects of ginseng saponin-Re, Rc and green tea catechine; ECGC (epigallocatechin gallate) on leptin, hormone sensitive lipase and resistin mRNA expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Korean J Nutr 39 2006 748 755
50 Yeo C.R. Lee S.M. Popovich D.G. Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) reduces cell growth, lipid acquisition and increases adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011 2011
51 Yeo C.R. Yang C. Wong T.Y. Popovich D.G. A quantified ginseng ( Panax ginseng CA Meyer) extract influences lipid acquisition and increases adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells Molecules 16 2011 477 492 21221064

상세보기
52 Lee O.H. Lee H.H. Kim J.H. Lee B.Y. Effect of ginsenosides Rg3 and Re on glucose transport in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes Phytother Res 25 2011 768 773 21520470
53 Park D. Yoon M. Compound K. a novel ginsenoside metabolite, inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells: involvement of angiogenesis and MMPs Biochem Biophys Res Commun 422 2012 263 267 22575448
54 Oh J. Lee H. Park D. Ahn J. Shin S.S. Yoon M. Ginseng and its active components ginsenosides inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012 2012 265023 23258984

상세보기
55 Lim G. Lee H. Kim E.J. Noh Y.H. Ro Y. Koo J.H. Ginsenoside Rb2 upregulates the low density lipoprotein receptor gene expression through the activation of the sterol regulated element binding protein maturation in HepG2 cells J Ginseng Res 29 2005 159 166
56 Lee M.S. Hwang J.T. Sh Kim Yoon S. Kim M.S. Yang H.J. Kwon D.Y. Ginsenoside Rc, an active component of Panax ginseng , stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes through an AMPK-dependent mechanism J Ethnopharmacol 127 2010 771 776 19961916

상세보기
57 Lee H.M. Lee O.H. Kim K.J. Lee B.Y. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes glucose uptake through activated AMPK pathway in insulin-resistant muscle cells Phytother Res 26 2012 1017 1022 22170817
58 Lee H.J. Yh Lee Park S.K. Kang E.S. Kim H.J. Lee Y.C. Choi C.S. Park S.E. Ahn C.W. Cha B.S. Korean red ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) improves insulin sensitivity and attenuates the development of diabetes in Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima fatty rats Metabolism 58 2009 1170 1177 19477471

상세보기
59 Cha J.Y. Park E.Y. Kim H.J. Park S.U. Nam K.Y. Choi J.E. Jun H.S. Effect of white, taegeuk, and red ginseng root extracts on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle cells and proliferation of β-cells J Ginseng Res 34 2010 192 197
60 Hwang J.T. Lee M. Kim M. Kwon D.Y. Biological active components found in Panax ginseng improve glucose uptake via AMPK signaling pathway FASEB J 22 2008 683
61 Yuan H.D. Huang B. Quan H.Y. Chung S.H. Ginsenoside 20 (R)-Rg3 stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes via CaMKK-AMPK pathways Food Sci Biotechnol 19 2010 1277 1282

원문보기 상세보기
62 Lee H.M. Lee O.H. Lee B.Y. Effect of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 on glucose uptake in insulin-resistant muscle cells J Korean Soc Appl Biological Chem 53 2010 106 109
63 Tabandeh M.R. Jafari H. Hosseini S.A. Hashemitabar M. Ginsenoside Rb1 stimulates adiponectin signaling in C2C12 muscle cells through up-regulation of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 proteins Pharm Biol 53 2015 125 132 25311947

상세보기
64 Kim M.J. Koo Y.D. Kim M. Lim S. Park Y.J. Chung S.S. Jang H.C. Park K.S. Rg3 improves mitochondrial function and the expression of key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes Diabetes Metab J 40 2016

상세보기
65 Yuan H.D. Quan H.Y. Jung M.S. Kim S.J. Huang B. Kim D.Y. Chung S.H. Anti-diabetic effect of pectinase-processed ginseng radix (GINST) in high fat diet-fed ICR mice J Ginseng Res 35 2011 308 314 23717074
66 Song Y.B. An Y.R. Kim S.J. Park H.W. Jung J.W. Kyung J.S. Hwang S.Y. Kim Y.S. Lipid metabolic effect of Korean red ginseng extract in mice fed on a high-fat diet J Sci Food Agric 92 2012 388 396 21918993

상세보기
67 Kim C.M. Yi S.J. Cho I.J. Ku S.K. Red-koji fermented red ginseng ameliorates high fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice Nutrients 5 2013 4316 4332 24177708

상세보기
68 Qureshi A. Abuirmeileh N. Din Z. Ahmad Y. Burger W. Elson C. Suppression of cholesterogenesis and reduction of LDL cholesterol by dietary ginseng and its fractions in chicken liver Atherosclerosis 48 1983 81 94 6882511

상세보기
69 Kim J.H. Hahm D.H. Yang D.C. Kim J.H. Lee H.J. Shim I. Effect of crude saponin of Korean red ginseng on high-fat diet-induced obesity in the rat J Pharmacol Sci 97 2005 124 131 15655288
70 Yun S.N. Moon S.J. Ko S.K. Im B.O. Chung S.H. Wild ginseng prevents the onset of high-fat diet induced hyperglycemia and obesity in ICR mice Arch Pharm Res 27 2004 790 796 15357009

원문보기 상세보기
71 Lee S.H. Lee H.J. Yh Lee Lee B.W. Cha B.S. Kang E.S. Ahn C.W. Park J.S. Kim H.J. Lee E.Y. Korean red ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) improves insulin sensitivity in high fat fed Sprague–Dawley rats Phytother Res 26 2012 142 147 22034219
72 Gu W. Kim K.A. Kim D.H. Ginsenoside Rh1 ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity in mice by inhibiting adipocyte differentiation Biol Pharm Bull 36 2013 102 107 23302642

상세보기
73 Park M.Y. Lee K.S. Sung M.K. Effects of dietary mulberry, Korean red ginseng, and banaba on glucose homeostasis in relation to PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and LPL mRNA expressions Life Sci 77 2005 3344 3354 15979095
74 Xie J. Wang C. Ni M. Wu J. Mehendale S. Aung H. Foo A. Yuan C. American ginseng berry juice intake reduces blood glucose and body weight in ob/ob mice J Food Sci 72 2007 S590 S594 17995625

상세보기
75 Mollah M.L. Kim G.S. Moon H.K. Chung S.K. Cheon Y.P. Kim J.K. Kim K.S. Antiobesity effects of wild ginseng ( Panax ginseng CA Meyer) mediated by PPAR-γ, GLUT4 and LPL in ob/ob mice Phytother Res 23 2009 220 225 18830966
76 Zheng J.S. Fu Y.Q. Chen Q. Huang T. Yang J. Li D. Consumption of Chinese tea-flavor liquor improves circulating insulin levels without affecting hepatic lipid metabolism-related gene expression in Sprague–Dawley rats Sci World J 2013 2013
77 Inoue M. Ohtake T. Motomura W. Takahashi N. Hosoki Y. Miyoshi S. Suzuki Y. Saito H. Kohgo Y. Okumura T. Increased expression of PPARγ in high fat diet-induced liver steatosis in mice Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336 2005 215 222 16125673

상세보기
78 Sanyal A.J. AGA technical review on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Gastroenterology 123 2002 1705 1725 12404245
79 Birkenfeld A.L. Shulman G.I. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes Hepatology 59 2014 713 723 23929732
80 Jones M.L. Tomaro-Duchesneau C. Prakash S. The gut microbiome, probiotics, bile acids axis, and human health Trends Microbiol 22 2014 306 308 24836108
81 Kawase A. Yamada A. Gamou Y. Tahara C. Takeshita F. Murata K. Matsuda H. Samukawa K. Iwaki M. Increased effects of ginsenosides on the expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase but not the bile salt export pump are involved in cholesterol metabolism J Nat Med 67 2013 545 553 23108811
82 Kawase A. Yamada A. Gamou Y. Tahara C. Takeshita F. Murata K. Matsuda H. Samukawa K. Iwaki M. Effects of ginsenosides on the expression of cytochrome P450s and transporters involved in cholesterol metabolism J Nat Med 68 2014 395 401 23835644
83 Ikehara M. Shibata Y. Higashi T. Sanada S. Shoji J. Effect of ginseng saponins on cholesterol metabolism: III. Effect of ginsenoside-Rb1 on cholesterol synthesis in rats fed on high-fat diet Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 26 1978 2844 2849 699217
84 Lim G. Lee H.I. Kim E.J. Ro Y.T. Noh Y.H. Koo J.H. The mechanism of LDL receptor up-regulation by ginsenoside-Rb 2 in HepG2 cultured under enriched cholesterol condition J Ginseng Res 28 2004 87 93
85 Muwalla M.M. Abuirmeileh N.M. Suppression of avian hepatic cholesterogenesis by dietary ginseng J Nur Biochem 1 1990 518 521
86 Jones J.R. Barrick C. Kim K.A. Lindner J. Blondeau B. Fujimoto Y. Shiota M. Kesterson R.A. Kahn B.B. Magnuson M.A. Deletion of PPARγ in adipose tissues of mice protects against high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance Proc Natl Acad Sci 102 2005 6207 6212 15833818
87 Valsamakis G. McTernan P.G. Chetty R. Al Daghri N. Field A. Hanif W. Barnett A. Kumar S. Modest weight loss and reduction in waist circumference after medical treatment are associated with favorable changes in serum adipocytokines Metabolism 53 2004 430 434 15045687

상세보기
88 Crandall D.L. Goldstein B.M. Huggins F. Cervoni P. Adipocyte blood flow: influence of age, anatomic location, and dietary manipulation Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 247 1984 R46 R51
89 Cinti S. Mitchell G. Barbatelli G. Murano I. Ceresi E. Faloia E. Wang S. Fortier M. Greenberg A.S. Obin M.S. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans J Lipid Res 46 2005 2347 2355 16150820

상세보기
90 Strissel K.J. Stancheva Z. Miyoshi H. Perfield J.W. DeFuria J. Jick Z. Greenberg A.S. Obin M.S. Adipocyte death, adipose tissue remodeling, and obesity complications Diabetes 56 2007 2910 2918 17848624

상세보기
91 Durante P.E. Mustard K.J. Park S.H. Winder W.W. Hardie D.G. Effects of endurance training on activity and expression of AMP-activated protein kinase isoforms in rat muscles Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 2002 E178 E186 12067859
92 Jung H.L. Kang H.Y. Effects of Korean red ginseng supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats Chin J Nat Med 11 2013 494–499:406–13
93 Kim S.H. Park K.S. Effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in humans Pharmacol Res 48 2003 511 513 12967598

상세보기
94 Reeds D.N. Patterson B.W. Okunade A. Holloszy J.O. Polonsky K.S. Klein S. Ginseng and ginsenoside Re do not improve β-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes Diabetes Care 34 2011 1071 1076 21411505

상세보기
95 Kwon D.H. Bose S. Song M.Y. Lee M.J. Lim C.Y. Kwon B.S. Kim H.J. Efficacy of Korean red ginseng by single nucleotide polymorphism in obese women: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial J Ginseng Res 36 2012 176 189 23717118
96 Cho Y.H. Ahn S.C. Lee S.Y. Jeong D.W. Choi E.J. Kim Y.J. Lee J.G. Lee Y.H. Shin B.C. Effect of Korean red ginseng on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic healthy overweight and obese adults Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 22 2013 365 371 23945406

상세보기
97 Park B.J. Lee Y.J. Lee H.R. Jung D.H. Na H.Y. Kim H.B. Shim J.Y. Effects of Korean red ginseng on cardiovascular risks in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled study Korean J Fam Med 33 2012 190 196 22916320
98 Song M.Y. Kim B.S. Kim H. Influence of Panax ginseng on obesity and gut microbiota in obese middle-aged Korean women J Ginseng Res 38 2014 106 115 24748834
99 Jung D.H. Lee Y.J. Kim C.B. Kim J.Y. Shin S.H. Park J.K. Effects of ginseng on peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA copy number and hormones in men with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical and pilot study Complement Ther Med 24 2016 40 46 26860800

상세보기
100 Yim J.S. Kim Y.S. Moon S.K. Cho K.H. Bae H.S. Kim J.J. Park E.K. Kim D.H. Metabolic activities of ginsenoside Rb1, baicalin, glycyrrhizin and geniposide to their bioactive compounds by human intestinal microflora Biol Pharm Bull 27 2004 1580 1583 15467199

상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증