[논문]포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증연구 안전성 평가

권이균; 장찬동; 신영재

doi:10.9720/kseg.2018.2.217

포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증연구 안전성 평가
Security and Safety Assessment of the Small-scale Offshore CO2 Storage Demonstration Project in the Pohang Basin 원문보기

지질공학 = The journal of engineering geology, v.28 no.2, 2018년, pp.217 - 246

권이균 (공주대학교 지질환경과학과) , 장찬동 (충남대학교 지질환경과학과) , 신영재 (한국지질자원연구원 CO2지중저장연구단)

초록
AI-Helper

포항분지 해상 중소규모 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 저장소 선정 및 저장소 특성화 연구 과정에서 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증의 지진 유발 가능성과 누출 가능성에 대하여 진지하게 검토하고 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증의 안정성을 확보하기 위한 많은 노력을 경주해 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 2017년 11월 15일 발생한 규모 5.4의 포항 지진으로 큰 피해를 입은 포항시와 시민들은 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증의 지진 유발 가능성에 대하여 큰 우려를 가지고 있는 상황이다. 포항분지 해상 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 연구팀은 2017년 포항 지진 이후 포항 영일만 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증의 안전성에 대하여 자체 조사를 수행하여, 2017년 포항 지진과 포항분지 영일만 해상 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증의 관련성과 향후 본격적인 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증이 수행될 경우 지진 유발 가능성이나 누출 가능성에 대하여 면밀하게 평가하였다. 자체 조사 결과, 포항분지 해상 중소규모 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 2017년 포항지진의 진앙과 약 10 km 떨어진 영일만 해역에 저장소가 위치하며, $CO_2$ 저장층의 심도도 해저면 아래 약 750-800 m 정도로서 포항 지진의 심도와 큰 차이를 보인다. 또한 포항분지 해상 중소규모 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 2017년 1월 12일부터 3월 12일까지 약 3개월간 $CO_2$ 시험 주입을 수행한 이후 수송체계 구축과 주입공 격상을 위해 $CO_2$ 주입 행위가 중지된 상황으로 2017년 11월 15일에 발생한 포항 지진과 직접적인 관련성을 찾기 어렵다. 무엇보다도 $CO_2$ 지중저장 기술의 개념이 지층을 파쇄하는 것이 아니라 염수와 같은 유체로 채워진 다공질 퇴적층에서 염수를 천천히 밀어내면서 초임계상의 $CO_2$를 주입한다는 측면에서 대용량의 $CO_2$를 장기간 주입하여 저장층의 압력이 크게 상승하는 경우를 제외하면 인간 사회에 피해를 가져오는 일정 규모 이상의 지진을 유발할 가능성이 크지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 게다가 포항분지 해상 중소규모 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 연구사업의 $CO_2$ 시험 주입 규모가 약 100톤 정도로서 규모 5.0 이상의 지진을 유발할 수 있는 대규모 주입 행위가 없었기 때문에 2017년 포항 지진과의 연관성을 가정하는 것이 무리가 있다. 포항분지 해상 중소규모 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 연구사업의 연구팀은 자체 조사를 통해 향후 포항분지 해상 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 연구사업이 장기적으로 수행될 경우 지진 유발 가능성과 누출 가능성에 대하여도 평가를 수행하였다. 자체 평가 결과에 따르면, 저장층 상부의 덮개층이 파쇄되거나 주변 단층의 재활성화가 발생하지 않도록 정해진 범위에서 압력을 조절하면서 $CO_2$ 스트림을 주입할 경우 지진 유발이나 단층 재활성화를 초래할 가능성이 매우 희박한 것으로 분석되었다. 더불어, 포항분지 해상 중소규모 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 $CO_2$ 지중저장 실증 과정에서 주입된 $CO_2$ 스트림의 누출을 최소화하기 위해 저장소 인근 지층의 파쇄 압력, 저장소 인근 단층의 재활성화 압력, 주입공 누출을 방지하기 위한 완결 공정, 주입된 $CO_2$ 스트림의 누출 경로 파악과 거동 및 누출 모니터링, 안전한 $CO_2$ 저장을 위한 저장소 운영과 관련된 연구를 충실하게 수행하

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

During the selection and characterization of target formations in the Small-scale Offshore $CO_2$ Storage Demonstration Project in the Pohang Basin, we have carefully investigated the possibility of induced earthquakes and leakage of $CO_2$ during the injection, and have designed the storage processes to minimize these effects. However, people in Pohang city have a great concern on $CO_2$-injection-intrigued seismicity, since they have greatly suffered from the 5.4 magnitude earthquake on Nov. 15, 2017. The research team of the project performed an extensive self-investigation on the safety issues, especially on the possible $CO_2$ leakage from the target formation and induced earthquakes. The target formation is 10 km apart from the epicenter of the Pohang earthquake and the depth is also quite shallow, only 750 to 800 m from the sea bottom. The project performed a pilot injection in the target formation from Jan. 12 to Mar. 12, 2017, which implies that there are no direct correlation of the Pohang earthquake on Nov. 15, 2017. In addition, the $CO_2$ injection of the storage project does not fracture rock formations, instead, the supercritical $CO_2$ fluid replaces formation water in the pore space gradually. The self-investigation results show that there is almost no chance for the injection to induce significant earthquakes unless injection lasts for a very long time to build a very high pore pressure, which can be easily monitored. The amount of injected $CO_2$ in the project was around 100 metric-tonne that is irrelevant to the Pohang earthquake. The investigation result on long-term safety also shows that the induced earthquakes or the reactivation of existing faults can be prevented successfully when the injection pressure is controlled not to demage cap-rock formation nor exceed Coulomb stresses of existing faults. The project has been performing extensive studies on critical stress for fracturing neighboring formations, reactivation stress of existing faults, well-completion processes to minimize possible leakage, transport/leakage monitoring of injected $CO_2$, and operation procedures for ensuring the storage safety. These extensive studies showed that there will be little chance in $CO_2$ leakage that affects human life. In conclusion, the Small-scale Offshore $CO_2$ Storage Demonstration Project in the Pohang Basin would not cause any induced earthquakes nor signifiant $CO_2$ leakage that people can sense. The research team will give every effort to secure the safety of the storage site.

주제어

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	기상청이 지진 관측을 위해 시행하고 있는것은?	0 이상의 지진을 기록하고 분석하고 있다. 기상청은 지진 관측을 위해 전국에 156개소의 지진관측소를 설치·운영하고 있으며, 규모 2.0 이상의 지진에 대해서만 자료를 공개하고 있다. 규모 2.
	포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구가 긍정적으로 평가됨에도 보완할 필요가 있는것은?	결론적으로 포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구는 지진 유발 가능성이나 누출 발생 가능성이 높지 않으며, 만일의 경우 발생할 수 있는 지진이나 누출에 대한 대응 시스템도 적절하게 갖추고 있다고 평가된다. 그럼에도 불구하고 지진이나 누출에 대한 피해가 발생하지 않도록 더욱 면밀하게 조사하고 검토하는 노력을 경주할 필요가 있으며, 연구진의 안전을 위한 안전 교육훈련과 여러 가지 자연재해 및 산업재해에 대한 안전 시스템도 강화될 필요가 있다고 판단된다.
	규모 2.0 이하의 지진은 발표하거나 기록하지 않는 이유는?	0 이상의 지진에 대해서만 자료를 공개하고 있다. 규모 2.0 이하의 지진은 인간이 느낄 수 없는 규모의 미소진동이기 때문에 기상청에서 지진으로 발표하거나 기록하고 있지 않다(KMA, 2018). 한국지질자원연구원도 지진센터를 중심으로 지진계를 운영하고 있으며, 지열발전 연구사업과 관련하여 2011년부터 포항시 일대에 미소진동 센서 9개소를 설치하여 운영 중이다(Fig.

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