[논문]Relationship between the Impact Peak Force and Lower Extremity Kinematics during Treadmill Running

Ryu, Ji-Seon; Park, Sang-Kyoon

doi:10.5103/kjsb.2018.28.3.159

Relationship between the Impact Peak Force and Lower Extremity Kinematics during Treadmill Running 원문보기

한국운동역학회지 = Korean journal of sport biomechanics, v.28 no.3, 2018년, pp.159 - 164

Ryu, Ji-Seon (Motion Innovation Center, Korea National Sport University) , Park, Sang-Kyoon (Motion Innovation Center, Korea National Sport University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the impact peak force and kinematic variables in running speed and investigate the relationship between them. Method: Thirty-nine male heel strike runners ($mean\;age=21.7{\pm}1.6y$, $mean\;mass=72.5{\pm}8.7kg$, $mean\;height=176.6{\pm}6.1cm$) were recruited in this investigation. The impact peak forces during treadmill running were assessed, and the kinematic variables were computed using three-dimensional data collected using eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualisys, Sweden). One-way analysis of variance ANOVAwas used to investigate the influence of the running speed on the parameters, and Pearson's partial correlation was used to investigate the relationship between the impact peak force and kinematic variables. Results: The running speed affected the impact peak force, stride length, stride frequency, and kinematic variables during the stride phase and the foot angle at heel contact; however, it did not affect the ankle and knee joint angles in the sagittal plane at heel contact. No significant correlation was noted between the impact peak force and kinematic variables in constantrunning speed. Conclusion: Increasing ankle and knee joint angles at heel contact may not be related to the mechanism behind reducing the impact peak force during treadmill running at constant speed.

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표/그림 (3)

그림 Figure 1. Example of vertical reaction force, the foot, knee flexion/extension, and ankle dorsi/plantar angles in the support phase in an individual at 4.4-m/s running speed. Fz has a decimal reduction in the time scale to match the kinematic time.
표 Table 1. Mean (SD) impact peak force and kinematic variables between the two running speed conditions and ANOVA 1 results (F(p))
표 Table 2. Correlation coefficients and p-values between the impact peak force and kinematic variables for the two running speeds

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문제 정의

However, treadmill running at a fixed speed may have a slight difference in terms of the characteristics of the kinematic variables and impacts related to braking and propulsion as compared with natural running on the ground. Nonetheless, this study is more focused on the relationship between the kinematic variables of the lower extremities during running and the characteristics of the impact associated with lower musculoskeletal injuries. Furthermore, previous studies that examined the difference between conventional treadmill running and normal ground running have reported the differences in most kinematic variables to be negligible (Riley et al.
This study aimed to determine the change in the impact peak force and the kinematic variables depending on the running speed and identify the relationship between them.

제안 방법

Data were collected without the participants knowing, at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz and 100 Hz for vertical ground reaction and kinematic data, respectively, for at least 30 steps per participant. For kinematic data, eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualisys, Sweden) were used to collect three-dimensional coordinates of reflective markers on the following anatomical locations of the right lower limb; greater trochanter, lateral knee, lateral ankle, toe, heel, navicular, and fifth metatarsal head medial ankle.
Prior to the experiment, all participants had a sufficient warm-up time of more than 5 minutes and then were put on a treadmill (instrumented dual belt treadmills; Bertec, USA) equipped with two ground reaction force measure devices at two fixed speeds of slow running at 2.22 m/s and fast running at 4.44 m/s for 2 minutes. Prior to the data collection, a nonlinear transformation motion space was constructed using an L-shaped frame with four markers and a T-shaped frame with two markers spaced 75 cm apart to obtain true coordinates.
The collected vertical ground reaction force signals and kinematic coordinates underwent fourth-order Butterworth filtering, and the selected variables were then computed. To process the vertical ground reaction force, the power spectrum density method was used to select the frequency that includes the accumulated frequency value of 99.
This study analyzed the impact peak force and kinematic variables of the lower extremities between two running speeds and investigated the relationship between them within each speed. The results of the study showed that the running speed affected the stride length and frequency, except for the flexion angle of the knee joint and the dorsiflexion angle of the ankle at the moment when the foot came in contact with the ground and increased the impact peak force and the foot segment angle.

대상 데이터

39 men (age=21.7±1.6 y, weight=72.5±8.7 kg, height=176.6±6.1 cm), who are heel strike runners, were recruited.
The local coordinate axes of x, y, and z for the lower extremities were set with the identical directions as the global coordinate axis. Data were collected without the participants knowing, at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz and 100 Hz for vertical ground reaction and kinematic data, respectively, for at least 30 steps per participant. For kinematic data, eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualisys, Sweden) were used to collect three-dimensional coordinates of reflective markers on the following anatomical locations of the right lower limb; greater trochanter, lateral knee, lateral ankle, toe, heel, navicular, and fifth metatarsal head medial ankle.

데이터처리

To investigate the statistical difference in the impact peak force and kinematic variables between the selected running speeds, one-way ANOVA was used. Further, to investigate the relationship between the impact peak force and kinematic variables occurring during running, Pearson's partial correlations were used; however, it was assumed that among the kinematic variables, the stride length and frequency, vertical displacement range of the center of the leg and maximum speed, horizontal displacement range of the center of the leg and maximum speed, and ankle angle at the moment of contact with the ground and foot segment were related.

성능/효과

As a result of observing the relationship between the impact peak force determined by the running speed and the kinematics of the lower extremities, a statistically weak correlation was found at both the fast and slow running speeds. As mentioned previously, the stride length and frequency, which are space-time variables of running, increased with the increase in the running speed; however, the correlation between these variables and the impact peak force within the fixed running speed was very weak.
Based on the results of this study, the running speed affected the impact peak force, stride length, stride frequency, kinematic variables during the stride phase, and foot angle at heel contact, but not the ankle and knee joint angles at heel contact. In addition, there was no significant correlation between the impact peak force at the fixed running speed and kinematic variables.
This study analyzed the impact peak force and kinematic variables of the lower extremities between two running speeds and investigated the relationship between them within each speed. The results of the study showed that the running speed affected the stride length and frequency, except for the flexion angle of the knee joint and the dorsiflexion angle of the ankle at the moment when the foot came in contact with the ground and increased the impact peak force and the foot segment angle. The results aligned with the results observed in previous studies (Clarke, Cooper, Hamill, & Clark, 1985; Derrick et al.
, 2006). Therefore, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that as the running speed increases, the incidence of potential running injury, such as tibial stress fracture, also increases. However, treadmill running at a fixed speed may have a slight difference in terms of the characteristics of the kinematic variables and impacts related to braking and propulsion as compared with natural running on the ground.
Upon reviewing the linear motion of the legs at the two speeds, the horizontal and vertical displacements were 90% and 200%, respectively, which were greater at the fast running speed (p<.05); further, the maximum speeds were 87% and 485%, respectively, which were also greater at the fast running speed (p<.05).

후속연구

However, additional structure, such as sneaker padding, to control the contact angles of the knee and ankle joints with the foot segments that was intended to reduce the maximum impact peak force during running, are considered to be unnecessary. In future studies, further analysis using the kinematic mechanism of the lower extremities and sneaker to reduce the high impact peak force that occurs during running is required. Finally, we suggest that follow-up studies should consider the expansion of participants, kinematics of a whole body, impact loading rate, and various running speed.

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