[논문]태양력 시행 전후 한국의 역법과 시각제도 변화

최고은; 민병희; 안영숙

doi:10.5303/pkas.2019.34.3.049

태양력 시행 전후 한국의 역법과 시각제도 변화
THE CHANGE OF THE CALENDAR AND TIMEKEEPING SYSTEM AROUND ADOPTION OF THE SOLAR CALENDAR IN KOREA 원문보기

천문학논총 = Publications of the Korean Astronomical Society, v.34 no.3, 2019년, pp.49 - 65

최고은 (한국천문연구원) , 민병희 (한국천문연구원) , 안영숙 (한국천문연구원)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

We investigate the provenance and the changes in the timekeeping system focusing on official records such as almanacs and textbooks published by the government after the solar calendar was introduced. We found that the solar calendar and the 12-hour clock time first appeared in 1884 during Joseon dynasty, at that time the solar calendar was used at the open port in Busan to facilitate the exchanges with Japan. The 12-hour clock time first appeared in the 『Hansung Sunbo』 published by the government in 1884. We also found that the Joseon dynasty also used 12 diǎnzhōng or 12 diǎn. In addition, the term of the 'Sigan' first appeared in the first official academic textbook in August 1895, and the chapter related to time contained the information about 12-hour clock time instead of the 12 Shi. In 1908, the meaning of the solar time, the equation of time, and the differences in longitude with the adoption of Korean Standard Time were introduced. Meanwhile, the 24-hour clock time was first introduced in Joseon and applied to railway times in 1907. The 1946 almanac, the first issue after liberation, used the 12-hour clock time which uses 'Sango', 'Hao' and the 24-hour clock time started to be used from the following year and is still used to this day. Finally, the 12-hour clock time, which was introduced around 1884, was enacted as Article 44 of the law in 1900 and was revised again in 1905 and 1908. In Korea, the terms related to the time in the current astronomical calendar system were newly defined around 1884, 1896, and 1908, and gradually standardized through the establishment of laws.

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표/그림 (12)

그림 Figure 1. (a) Joseon dynasty tried to introduce new measurements, monetary system and timekeeping system (Source: Kyujanggak institute for Korean studies). (b) Adoption: Due to the adoption of the solar calendar, a Royal edict was declared that November 17, 1895, converts to January 1, 1896 (Source: The Independence hall of Korea). (c) Korean standard time was applied based on 127°30'E (Source: Kyujanggak institute for Korean studies) (d) Korean standard time was applied based on 135°E by Japan (Source: http://gb.nl.go.kr/)
그림 Figure 2. Two type of almanacs for the year 1986: (a) is Korean Shixianli (時憲曆) and (b) is the Korean solar calendar, Ryeok (曆) for the same year of 1896.
그림 Figure 3. The astronomical almanacs of the Shixiansli for the year 1900 (source: KASI): February of the solar calendar at the bottom of the lunar calendar is incorrectly marked as a leap month (See the red box).
표 Table 1. The change of the standard time in Korea since 1908 (KAO, 1996)
그림 Figure 4. The『Shixianli (時憲曆)』(Left) and 『Ryeok (曆)』(Right) for the year 1896 (source: KASI) : December 5 by the solar calendar corresponds to the first day of the 11th month by the lunisolar calendar.
그림 Figure 5. 『Ryeok (曆)』for the year 1896: 'Noon' is notated as '午後O時' at the start time of the solar eclipse in August (source: KASI).
그림 Figure 6. [Act 48, Article 4] for the year 1908: The definitions of the length of the day, a month, half of a year and a year are established by law (Source: Kyujanggak institute for Korean studies).
표 Table 2. The standard meridian and the reference location of time data in『Ryeok (曆)』 and 『Convenient Reference for Daily Use (日用便覽)』. The (T) represents true solar time, and (M) is the mean solar time.
표 Table 3. 《Time comparison chart between 12-dual hours and 12-hour clock time (陰陽兩時表對比)》 in 「Hanseong sunbo (漢城旬報)」
표 Table 4. Comparison of 『Korean-English Dictionary』 in the 1890 version with the 1897 version
표 Table 5. 『Korean-English Dictionary (韓英字典)』in 1890: The English-Korean dictionary chapter of a dictionary
그림 Figure 7. 『Simsangsohak』《Vol.1, Chap.6: Time》: The definitions of 24 hours, the length of the day, a week, a month, and a year are contained in this chapter (Source: National Library of Korea).

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