[논문]일부 화재현장에서 소방공무원의 직무별 다핵방향족탄화수소 및 휘발성유기화합물 노출평가

진수현; 변혜정; 강태선

doi:10.15269/jksoeh.2019.29.4.477

일부 화재현장에서 소방공무원의 직무별 다핵방향족탄화수소 및 휘발성유기화합물 노출평가
Firefighters' Exposures to Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds by Tasks in Some Fire Scenes in Korea 원문보기

한국산업보건학회지 = Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, v.29 no.4, 2019년, pp.477 - 487

진수현 (롯데건설) , 변혜정 (삼성SDS EHS그룹) , 강태선 (세명대학교 보건안전공학과)

초록
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목적: 소방관들은 각종 화재현장에서 다양한 유해화학물질에 노출된다고 알려져 왔다. 하지만, 이러한 소방활동이 이루어지는 동안 유해화학물질에 대한 노출이 어떤 형태로 되는 지, 노출되는 농도는 어느 정도인지 등에 대한 구체적인 연구나 조사는 거의 전무하다시피 한 상황이다. 따라서 이 연구의 목적은 첫째, 화재현장에서 소방관들이 개인적으로 노출되는 유해화학물질을 정성적, 정량적으로 모니터링하고 둘째, 각 화학물질의 농도가 소방업무와 어떠한 연관성이 있는 지 비교함과 동시에, 마지막으로 화학물질의 농도에 영향을 미치는 주요한 인자가 무엇인지에 대해서 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 2013년 1월에서 4월까지의 기간 중 임의로 4주를 정하여 어느 화재현장을 대상으로 시료채취를 수행했고 이 때 소방관들의 직무나 화재현장의 특성, 즉 상황이나 규모 등을 함께 기록하였다. 취합된 시료는 세 가지 직무, 즉 화재진압, 오버홀 및 화재조사 등을 기준으로 분류되어 분석실로 보내어졌고 각 화학물질에 적합한 방법으로 분석되었다. 결과: 총 14건의 소방활동, 즉 화재진압 5건, 오버홀 6건, 화재조사 3건이 조사대상이었다. 채취된 모든 시료에서 벤젠을 제외하고 ACGIH-TLV를 초과한 화학물질은 없었지만, 발암물질인 PAHs의 경우는 모든 시료에서 한 종류 이상이 검출되었다. 이중 나프탈렌은 0.24~279.13 mg/㎥ (중위값 49.6 mg/㎥)의 범위로 검출되었고, 벤조피렌은 한 건의 오버홀 직무에서 10.85 ㎍/㎥가 검출되었다. 벤젠(0.01~12.2 ppm)은 모든 직무에서 검출되었으며 한 개의 시료에서 ACGIH-TLV를 초과하기도 했으나 직무간 농도를 비교했을 때에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론: 이상의 결과는 여러 가지 한계가 있기는 하지만, 소방활동을 수행할 때 낮은 농도에 불과할지라도 발암물질을 포함하여 인체에 유해한 영향을 줄 수 있는 연소생성물이 발생한다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 향후, 소방업무를 수행하는 사람들이 직무를 수행할 때 노출되는 유해화학물질에 대한 보다 폭넓은 연구가 수행되어 이들의 건강을 보호하기 위한 명확한 근거 자료로써 활용할 수 있어야겠다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Objectives: Firefighters are known to be exposed to a variety of toxic substances, but little information is available on the exposure profile of firefighting activities. The aims of this study were to conduct exposure monitoring of toxic chemicals at fire scenes, to compare the concentrations of respective chemicals among firefighting tasks, and to assess the main factors influencing the concentrations of chemicals. Methods: Researchers performed sampling at firefighting scenes during four weeks in 2013. At the scene, we collected samples based on firefighters' own activities and examined the situation and scale of the accident. Collected samples were classified into three categories, including fire extinguishing and overhaul, and were analyzed in the laboratory according to respective analysis methods. Results: A total of fourteen fire activity events were surveyed: five fire extinguishing, six overhaul, and three fire investigations. Although no substance exceeded the ACGIH TLV, PAHs were detected in every sample. Naphthalene ranged from 0.24 to 279.13 mg/㎥ (median 49.6 mg/㎥) and benzo(a)pyrene was detected in one overhaul case at 10.85 ㎍/㎥. Benzene (0.01-12.2 ppm) was detected in every task and exceeded the ACGIH TLV. No significant difference in concentrations between tasks was shown. Conclusions: These results indicate that all firefighting tasks generated various hazardous combustion products, including possible carcinogens.

주제어

표/그림 (5)

표 Table 1. Background and sampling information on the firefighting areas in this study
표 Table 2. PAHs Concentrations according to firefighting tasks
표 Table 3. VOCs Concentrations according to firefighting tasks
표 Table 4. Comparison of major detected substances between the tasks
표 Table 5. Results of multiple regression analysis between concentration levels and significantly influencing factors

AI 본문요약
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제안 방법

A multiple regression analysis was also performed to assess any correlations among target substances’ concentrations (independent variable) and firefighting tasks, confinement states, burnt area sizes, numbers of people mobilized, work time, numbers of equipment mobilized, amounts of damage, and building materials (dependent variables).
Despite these results, there were risks exposed to harmful chemicals at fire scenes because some poisonous materials, for example naphthalene, showed a higher concentration during firefighting rather than overhaul activity. And also, multiple regression analysis was used to identify any correlation between airborne exposure levels and influencing factors such as tasks, confinement states, numbers of firefighters dispatched, work time, numbers of mobilized equipment, property damages, and building structures as independent variables. We found that a statistically positive significant correlation between concentrations of mostly detected chemicals such as naphthalene, chrysene, benzene, toluene and confinement states (p<0.
Collected samples were classified into three categories such as fire extinguishing, overhaul, and fire investigation task, based on firefighters’ opinions directly at the scene according to the conditions of live fire scenes.
We used both laboratory and field blanks for performing quality control to assess the accuracy and precision of our analyses. For laboratory blanks, reproducibility of the analytical instrument and recovery of spiked sample were evaluated. Limit of detection (LOD) was calculated by multiplying by 3.
In this study, we investigated the chemical concentrations while conducting three kinds of tasks at live eight fire scenes. The results demonstrated that the firefighters were exposed to some carcinogenic substances such as benzene and PAHs including naphthalene.
All kinds of BTEX were detected during fire extinguishing at sauna in a public bath and during investigation at printing house. The Mann-Whitney U test analysis was conducted with two groups to compare the concentration levels of frequently detected substances including naphthalene, chrysene, benzene, and toluene between fire extinguishing and overhaul tasks (Table 4). However, it showed no significant difference (p>0.

대상 데이터

All the fire scenes in this study were located within a building. In modern buildings, the majority of components such as carpets, wallpapers, furniture, contain polyethylene and PVC has been known to produce a variety of toxic chemicals including carcinogens when burned.
Personal breathing zone samples were collected for firefighters to characterize their exposure levels. Samples were from eight fire scenes near the K fire station in Seoul during the study period (January 21~February 15, 2013). There were various locations, for example, a laundry, an outlet store, a temporary building, an underground parking lot, a sauna in a public bath, an apartment, a printing house, and a restaurant congested building.
This study was conducted on fire scenes attended by the K fire station, which had the most mobilizations in Seoul in 2011. A K fire station attended 362 fire accidents, making it the busiest of the 22 fire stations administered by the Seoul Metropolitan Fire Headquarters or any other stations in Korea.

데이터처리

A multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the correlation between concentration levels and probably influencing factors such as tasks, confinement states, numbers of firefighters dispatched, work time, numbers of mobilized equipment, property damages, and building materials as independent variables. As a result, only confinement state had a significant relationship with concentration levels of major detected substances (Table 5).

이론/모형

Samples were shipped to the laboratory in an insulated container with bagged refrigerant after collection. Samples were analyzed according to NIOSH Manual of Analytical Method (NMAM) 5515 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analytical substances were as follows: naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthrancene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h) anthrancene, benzo(g,h,l)perylene.
Samples were also shipped to the laboratory in an insulated container with bagged refrigerant after collection. Samples were analyzed according to NMAM 1501 using GC-FID.

성능/효과

5 ppm. In this study, a concentration of 12.2 ppm was detected in the sample from one fire extinguishing activity: this level significantly exceeds the ACGIH TLV-TWA value. It was assumed that high concentration of benzene may have occurred because of a confined underground sauna with poor ventilation.
In this study, we investigated the chemical concentrations while conducting three kinds of tasks at live eight fire scenes. The results demonstrated that the firefighters were exposed to some carcinogenic substances such as benzene and PAHs including naphthalene. We generally compared air concentrations of hazardous chemicals in fire scenes with 8-hr weighted average although sampling time was relatively short, because we wanted to predict the long-term effects to firefighters in case of exposure to the same levels.

후속연구

Therefore, a self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn to minimize exposure to hazardous substances at every fire scene. Although the fires that occurred in this study period were in different locations and it was not possible to repeat the same fire scenes due to the nature of fire accidents, these results suggest that the future direction of research in the field of occupational health for firefighters working in fire scenes that are difficult to access. They may also be used to inform research about health hazards to firefighters, and may provide a basis for assessing exposure and improving the work environments of firefighters.

참고문헌 (19)

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표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

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용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

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