[논문]Skybridges: A History and a View to the Near Future

Wood, Antony; Safarik, Daniel

doi:10.21022/ijhrb.2019.8.1.1

Skybridges: A History and a View to the Near Future 원문보기

International journal of high-rise buildings, v.8 no.1, 2019년, pp.1 - 18

Wood, Antony (Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat) , Safarik, Daniel (Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

As many architects and visionaries have shown over a period spanning more than a century, the re-creation of the urban realm in the sky through connections between buildings at height has a vast potential for the enrichment of our cities. To many it seems nonsensical that, although the $20^{th}$ and now $21^{st}$ century, have clearly seen a push towards greater height and urban density in our major urban centers, the ground-pavement level remains almost exclusively the sole physical plane of connection. As the world rapidly urbanizes, greater thought needs to be expended on how horizontal space can be developed at height. This paper briefly describes the history, present classifications and uses, and potential future development potential of skybridges between tall buildings.

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표/그림 (24)

그림 Figure 1. The Highlight project in Munich, Germany (2004), is an example of the "enclosed circulation" typology. © Murphy/Jahn.
그림 Figure 2. The American Copper Buildings, New York (2016), feature a two-story amenity deck between the two towers; it is a common-use area for residents and includes a pool on the lower level. Photo Credit: Max Touhey.
그림 Figure 3. Marina Bay Sands, Singapore (2010), incorporates a "skyplane" connecting at the rooftop level of its towers; there is extensive outdoor programming on the skyplane, including an infinity pool. © Safdie Architects.
그림 Figure 4. CCTV Headquarters, Beijing (2011), an example of “building-as-skybridge.” (ccbysa)Verdgris.
그림 Figure 5. The earliest futuristic images to include skybridges: (a) 1876. ‘Historical Monument of the American Republic’. Erastus Salisbury Field, for the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition (source: Leeuwan, 1988, p.50), (b) 1908. ‘Streets High in the Air’. Charles R. Lamb (source: Collins, 1979, Fig. 10), (c) 1908. ‘Visionary City’. William R. Leigh (source: Corn & Horrigan, 1984, p. 34).
그림 Figure 6. Differing cover illustrations for Moses King’s seminal publications on New York; (a) 1908: King’s Dream of New York (cover illustration “The Cosmopolis of the Future” by Harry M. Pettit), (c) 1911: King’s Views of New York (cover illustration “Future New York is pre-eminently the City of Skyscrapers” by Richard W. Rummell).
그림 Figure 7. The influence of Harvey Wiley Corbett on the multi-level city; (a) 1913. City of the Future. Harvey Wiley- Corbett (published in Scientific American, 26 July 1913, with the article “The Elevated Sidewalk: How it will solve City Transportation Problems” by Henry Harrison Suplee), (c) 1923. Traffic Zoning Studies. Harvey Wiley-Corbett with Hugh Ferriss, for the 1929 Regional Plan of New York and its Environs (source: Tafuri, 1987, plate 186).
그림 Figure 8. The relationship between traffic and the potential for skybridges is something that has endured beyond pre-war studies in New York; The Second Regional Plan of New York: Urban Design Manhattan, 1969 (a) report cover, (b) proposal for a new office cluster, midtown, (c) corresponding office cluster sketch (source: all, Okamoto, 1969, p.1, 97 & 103 respectively).
그림 Figure 9. Illustrations from ‘The Metropolis of Tomorrow’, by Hugh Ferriss, 1929; (a) 1925, Pedestrians over Wheeltraffic, p.67, (b) 1926, Crowding Towers, p.63, (c) 1926, Overhead Traffic-ways, p.65 (source: Ferriss, 1929).
그림 Figure 10. The work of the Futurists in promoting the multi-level Skycity (a) 1914. La Città Nuova. Sant Elia. (source: Cohen, 1995, p.35). (b) 1912-14. Stazione d'Aeroplani, Milan. Sant Elia. (source: Cohen, 1995, p.34). (c). 1914. Costruzioni per una Metropoli Moderna. Mario Chiattone (source: Cohen, 1995, p.37).
그림 Figure 11. Several of the Russian Constructivists incorporated variants of skybridges in their design; (a) 1924. Der Wolkenbugel (Cloud Strip), Moscow. El Lissitzky (with Martin Stam). (Source: Tupitsyn, 1999, p.129). (b) 1930. Cover design for Richard Neutra’s book Amerika. El Lissitzky (source: Cohen, 1995, p.96), (c) 1929-30. Competition project for the House of Industry. Ivan Illich Leonidov (source: Cohen, 1995, p.127).
그림 Figure 12. Auguste Perret was perhaps the most explicit of the early Europeans in the proposition of the skybridge; (a), (b) 1922-32. Ville Tours (Tower Cities) projects. (with Charles Imbert, draughtsman). Sources: (a) Cohen, 1995, p.116. (b) Britton, 2001, p.205). (c) 1922. Avenue of Residential Towers. (with Jacques Lambert, illustrator. Source: Cohen, 1995, p.118).
그림 Figure 13. Le Corbusier’s multi-level Urban Visions: (a) 1922. Central Station, Ville Comtemporaine - Contemporary City of Three Million Inhabitants. (Source: Bacon, 2001, p.9), (b) 1929. Scheme for Sao Paola. (source: McQuaid, p.69), (c) 1935. Scheme for Algiers. (source: McQuaid, p.87).
그림 Figure 14. Skybridges in South America: (a) 1960. The first significant high-level skybridge project of the post-war period; National Congress Secretariat, Brasilia. Oscar Niemeyer (source: courtesy of Jonathan Hale, University of Nottingham), (b) 1957. Superblock proposal, Brasilia. Rino Levi (source: Conrads, 1962, p.110), (c) 2005. El Faro Towers, Buenos Aires (source: Marshall Gerometta, CTBUH).
그림 Figure 15. Japanese Skybridges: continuing the theoretical work of the Metabolists into built form: (a) 1971. Kajima Corporation Headquarters, Tokyo. Kajima Design (source: Ross, 1978), (b) 1993. Umeda Sky Building, Osaka. Hiroshi Hara (source: Japan Architect, Autumn 1993, p.38), (c) 1994. St. Luke’s Garden. Nikken Sekkei. (source: Binder, 2001).
그림 Figure 16. Buildings-as-skybridge: a) 1989. Arc de la Defense, Paris. Otto von Spreckelson (source: Wood) (b) 1996. Arcos Bosques Corporativo, Torre 1, Mexico City. Gonzalez, Serrano & Tejada (source: Riley & Nordensen, 2003, p.63).
그림 Figure 17. Variants on the skybridge-as-floorplate: (a) Skybridge as Skygarden: 1995. Skycity, Taipei. Kris Yao Architect. (source: Otmar, 2001, p.89), (b) 1996. Fuji TV Building, Tokyo. Kenzo Tange (source: Sacchi, 2004, p.201).
그림 Figure 18. Tower-and-skybridge arrangements in Asia; (a) 1998. Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur. Cesar Pelli & Associates (source: author), (b) 1997. Yuda World Trade Centre, Zhengzhou, China. C.Y. Lee & Partners (source: Binder, 2001, p.205), (c) 2002. CLD Forum Building, Beijing. Obermeyer (source: courtesy of Obermeyer Planen & Beraten GmbH).
그림 Figure 19. Post-war built skybridges in the USA: (a) 1967. Peachtree Center, Atlanta. Edwards & Portman. (source: courtesy of Jake Pauls), (b) 1983. UN Plaza Building, New York. Dinkeloo & Roche (source: Wood), (c) 2004. Skybridge, Chicago. Perkins & Will (source: Wood).
그림 Figure 20. Multiple-floor / 'within-envelope' skybridges; (a) 2003. BOCOM Financial Tower, Shanghai. ABB Arkitekten (source: Wood), (b) 2003. Kyobo Tower, Seoul. Mario Botta (source: Cappellato, 2003, p.191).
그림 Figure 21. The skybridge networks of the Wienerberg City, Vienna 2001. Twin Tower. Massimiliano Fuksas (source: Wood).
그림 Figure 23. Marriott Executive Apartments, Dubai (source: Wood).
그림 Figure 22. Belgacom (now Proximus) Towers, Brussels, 1994. Michel Jaspers & Partners (source: courtesy of Marshall Gerometta, CTBUH).
그림 Figure 24. Many of the official and unofficial competition entries for the World Trade Center tower replacements proposed connections between towers at height, (A) Foster + Partners, (B) SOM, (C) Richard Meier et al., (D) Foreign Office Architects, (E) United Architects, (F) THINK Team (G) CoOp Himmelb(l)au (H) Richard Dattner (Source: Stephens, 2004).

참고문헌 (34)

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상세보기
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상세보기
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Zaknic, I., Smith, M. & Rice, D. (1998). 100 of the World's Tallest Buildings. The Images Publishing Group, Australia. In conjunction with the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH).

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