[논문]Will CFD ever Replace Wind Tunnels for Building Wind Simulations?

Phillips, Duncan A.; Soligo, Michael J.

doi:10.21022/ijhrb.2019.8.2.107

[국내논문] Will CFD ever Replace Wind Tunnels for Building Wind Simulations? 원문보기

International journal of high-rise buildings, v.8 no.2, 2019년, pp.107 - 116

Phillips, Duncan A. (RWDI) , Soligo, Michael J. (RWDI)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is becoming an increasingly popular means to model wind flows in and around buildings. The first published application of CFD to both indoor and outdoor building airflows was in the 1970's. Since then, CFD usage has expanded to include different aspects of building design. Wind tunnel testing (WTT) on buildings for wind loads goes back as far as 1908. Gustave Eiffel built a pair of wind tunnels in 1908 and 1912. Using these he published wind loads on an aircraft hangar in 1919 as cited in Hoerner (1965 - page 74). The second of these wind tunnels is still in use today for tests including building design ($Damljanovi{\acute{c}}$, 2012). The Empire State Building was tested in 1933 in smooth flow - see Baskaran (1993). The World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York City were wind tunnel tested in the mid-sixties for both wind loads, at Colorado State University (CSU) and the [US] National Physical Laboratory (NPL), as well as pedestrian level winds (PLW) at the University of Western Ontario (UWO) - Baskaran (1993). Since then, the understanding of the planetary boundary layer, recognition of the structures of turbulent wakes, instrumentation, methodologies and analysis have been continuously refined. There is a drive to replace WTT with computational methods, with the rationale that CFD is quicker, less expensive and gives more information and control to the architects. However, there is little information available to building owners and architects on the limitations of CFD for flows around buildings and communities. Hence building owners, developers, engineers and architects are not aware of the risks they incur by using CFD for different studies, traditionally conducted using wind tunnels. This paper will explain what needs to happen for CFD to replace wind tunnels. Ultimately, we anticipate the reader will come to the same conclusion that we have drawn: both WTT and CFD will continue to play important roles in building and infrastructure design. The most pressing challenge for the design and engineering community is to understand the strengths and limitations of each tool so that they can leverage and exploit the benefits that each offers while adhering to our moral and professional obligation to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

Keyword

표/그림 (9)

그림 Figure 1. Instantaneous Velocity (e.g. a snap shop in time) in a Horizontal plane Using Different ABL Approaches: a)Lund’s recycling approach, b) MSSEM = multi-scale synthetic eddy method, c) SEM = synthetic eddy method, d) DSRFG= discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation, e) CDRFG = consistent discrete random flow generation e.g. Aboshosha et al. (2015) – Image from Luo et al. (2018).
그림 Figure 2. Mean Wind Speed Profiles (left) and Streamlines (right) for an LES Simulation of Channel Flow.
그림 Figure 3. Sketch of How Mean Wind Speed and Turbulence Profile Decays: from Blocken et al. (2007).
그림 Figure 4. Simulation of Flow Around a Cylinder Without Inlet Turbulence.
그림 Figure 5. Simulation of Flow Around a Cylinder with Inlet Turbulence.
그림 Figure 6. Simulation of Flow Around a Cylinder with Inlet Turbulence and A Doubling of Cells.
그림 Figure 7. PLW Wind Simulation Results Using RANS for Three Different Turbulence Models.
그림 Figure 8. Geometry and Grid for LES Simulation of Wind Loads - from Capra et al. (2018).
그림 Figure 9. Results Comparing Wind Load Predictions from Wind Tunnel and CFD Simulations - from Capra et al. (2018).

AI 본문요약
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가설 설정

2. Compelling pictures from a computer do not ensure accuracy. Follow-up any CFD simulation or WTT with a pragmatic “is this reasonable” assessment and employ an understanding of building aerodynamics to that assessment.
3. Avoid rationalization of poor results.
6. Engineers experienced in both CFD and wind tunnel testing will guide you to the best tool for your project.
7. Understand exactly what is being provided as a product or service. Your simulation or physical test should have some measure of guarantee for accuracy and conformity to building design codes.

제안 방법

The City of London permits RANS to be used but prohibits the use of lower-order turbulence closures. This work also documents a need to run at least 36 wind directions (at time of writing which may increase when the final document is released) wind directions and to use a standard wind climate model to eliminate errors introduced by users unfamiliar with interpretation and analysis of weather data. Conversely, Blocken (2018) notes that LES outperforms RANS for simulations of contaminant dispersion near a building.
The results clearly show that the prediction is markedly different. This means that the CFD practitioner needs to not only understand what turbulence is, but also ensure that the fluid properties at the building of interest are correct in order to conduct an accurate simulation.
Follow-up any CFD simulation or WTT with a pragmatic “is this reasonable” assessment and employ an understanding of building aerodynamics to that assessment.

이론/모형

This model adds two equations to the Navier Stokes equations to account for the transport of turbulence kinetic energy (k) and dissipation (ε).
A solution to deal with the transient nature of fluid flow was proposed by Osborne Reynolds in the 1890’s (Reynolds, 1895). This was to break (decompose) the time varying velocities into a mean and fluctuating component, insert them into the Navier-Stokes equations, and average the equations. This is how the Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS) equations came into being.

성능/효과

5. The LES methodology currently shows the most promise for wind loading predictions, with LBM and SPH also developing quickly. It should be noted that none of these have demonstrated reliable and repeated accuracy and thus the reason most building codes do not accept CFD results for wind loads.

참고문헌 (31)

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