Nho, Jin Ah
(Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University)
,
Shin, Yong Sub
(Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University)
,
Jeong, Ha-Ram
(Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University)
,
Cho, Suengmok
(Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University)
,
Heo, Ho Jin
(Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University)
,
Kim, Gun Hee
(Department of Foods and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University)
,
Kim, Dae-Ok
(Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University)
Neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly are characterized by gradual loss of memory and cognitive function. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species is associated with progressive neuronal cell damage and death in Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. ...
Neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly are characterized by gradual loss of memory and cognitive function. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species is associated with progressive neuronal cell damage and death in Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. An edible brown seaweed, Ecklonia cava, contains a variety of biologically active compounds such as phlorotannins. In this study, we comparatively evaluated the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and neuroprotective effects of the phlorotannin-rich extract from E. cava (PEEC). The total phenolic content of PEEC and dieckol was 810.8 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 996.6 mg GAE/g, respectively. Antioxidant capacity of PEEC was 1,233.8 mg vitamin C equivalents (VCE)/g and 392.1 mg VCE/g determined using ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively, while those of dieckol were 2,238.4 mg VCE/g and 817.7 mg VCE/g. High-performance liquid chromatography results revealed 48.08 ± 0.67 mg dieckol/g of PEEC. PEEC had neuroprotective effects in pheochromocytoma (PC-12) and human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells against H2O2- and AAPH-induced oxidative damage, partly due to reduced intracellular oxidative stress. PEEC treatment inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings suggest that PEEC is a good source of antioxidants and neuroprotective materials.
Neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly are characterized by gradual loss of memory and cognitive function. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species is associated with progressive neuronal cell damage and death in Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. An edible brown seaweed, Ecklonia cava, contains a variety of biologically active compounds such as phlorotannins. In this study, we comparatively evaluated the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and neuroprotective effects of the phlorotannin-rich extract from E. cava (PEEC). The total phenolic content of PEEC and dieckol was 810.8 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 996.6 mg GAE/g, respectively. Antioxidant capacity of PEEC was 1,233.8 mg vitamin C equivalents (VCE)/g and 392.1 mg VCE/g determined using ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively, while those of dieckol were 2,238.4 mg VCE/g and 817.7 mg VCE/g. High-performance liquid chromatography results revealed 48.08 ± 0.67 mg dieckol/g of PEEC. PEEC had neuroprotective effects in pheochromocytoma (PC-12) and human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells against H2O2- and AAPH-induced oxidative damage, partly due to reduced intracellular oxidative stress. PEEC treatment inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings suggest that PEEC is a good source of antioxidants and neuroprotective materials.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
In this study, we investigate total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and neuroprotective effects of phlorotannin-rich extract from EC (PEEC) and dieckol against oxidative stress in rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) and human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells.
[29]. PEEC was extracted using cyclic extraction and continuous centrifugation with high solvent temperature in this study. The higher total phenolic content of PEEC is partly due to different harvest times and extraction methods of EC compared to other studies [13].
Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS), Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM), penicillin-streptomycin solutions, Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640, and trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Welgene Inc. (Korea).
PC-12 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. The human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Korea). SH-SY5Y cells were cultured in MEM containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin.
데이터처리
Different lowercase and uppercase characters on bars in PEEC and dieckol treatments indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).
Statistical analyses were conducted using Duncan’s multiple range test using SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., USA) with significance set to p < 0.05.
이론/모형
3. Effects of the phlorotannin-rich extract from Ecklonia cava (PEEC) and dieckol on intracellular oxidative stress in neuronal (A) PC-12 and (B) SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress induced with AAPH using the DCFH-DA assay.
2. Neuroprotective effects of the phlorotannin-rich extract from Ecklonia cava (PEEC) and dieckol on neuronal (A) PC-12 and (B) SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using the MTT assay.
성능/효과
Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to 100 μM H2O2 showed intracellular oxidative stress levels of 169.1% and 192.3% in treatments with PEEC and dieckol, respectively, whereas treatments with PEEC (30.0 μg/ml) and dieckol (40.0 μg/ml) decreased intracellular oxidative stress to 88.9% and 82.9% (Fig. 4B).
In conclusion, PEEC was determined to contain dieckol, a phlorotannin found in seaweed. PEEC had large amounts of total phenolics and antioxidants.
EC has been found to have the highest antioxidant capacity among 10 different marine algae [31]. One gram of PEEC used in this study had approximately 23% higher and 61% lower antioxidant capacity compared with the same weight of vitamin C by ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively (Table 1). This discrepancy of PEEC antioxidant capacity may be due in part to the use of different radicals and reaction media in each assay [32, 33].
후속연구
Our results suggest that PEEC rich in antioxidants can potentially protect neurons from oxidative damage and inhibit hydrolytic activities of cholinesterases. Further research is needed to determine the efficacy in a neurodegenerative animal model in vivo.
참고문헌 (45)
1 Scarpini E Cogiamanian F 2003 Alzheimer's disease: from molecular pathogenesis to innovative therapies Expert Rev. Neurother. 3 619 630 10.1586/14737175.3.5.619 19810962
2 Kovacs GG 2014 Current concepts of neurodegenerative diseases EMJ Neurol. 1 78 86
3 World Health Organization 2017 Dementia: a public health priority Available from https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia Accessed on October 9th, 2019
4 Pizzino G Irrera N Cucinotta M Pallio G Mannino F Arcoraci V 2017 Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017 8416763 10.1155/2017/8416763 28819546
5 Ježek J Cooper K Strich R 2018 Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dynamics: the yin and yang of mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer progression Antioxidants 7 13 10.3390/antiox7010013 29337889
6 Tabner BJ El-Agnaf OMA Turnbull S German MJ Paleologou KE Hayashi Y 2005 Hydrogen peroxide is generated during the very early stages of aggregation of the amyloid peptides implicated in Alzheimer disease and familial British dementia J. Biol. Chem. 280 35789 35792 10.1074/jbc.C500238200 16141213
8 Panahi Y Rajaee SM Johnston TP Sahebkar A 2019 Neuroprotective effects of antioxidants in the management of neurodegenerative disorders: a literature review J. Cell. Biochem. 120 2742 2748 10.1002/jcb.26536 29219206
11 Lee S Lee D Baek J Jung EB Baek JY Lee IK 2017 In vitro assessment of selected Korean plants for antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities Pharm. Biol. 55 2205 2210 10.1080/13880209.2017.1397179 29115888
12 Park SK Kang JY Kim JM Park SH Kwon BS Kim G-H 2018 Protective effect of fucoidan extract from Ecklonia cava on hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28 40 49 10.4014/jmb.1710.10043 29121706
16 Le Q-T Li Y Qian Z-J Kim M-M Kim S-K 2009 Inhibitory effects of polyphenols isolated from marine alga Ecklonia cava on histamine release Process Biochem. 44 168 176 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.10.002
17 Lee SH Li Y Karadeniz F Kim M-M Kim S-K 2009 α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of phloroglucinal derivatives from edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava J. Sci. Food. Agric. 89 1552 1558 10.1002/jsfa.3623
18 Cho S Yang H Jeon Y-J Lee CJ Jin Y-H Baek N-I 2012 Phlorotannins of the edible brown seaweed Ecklonia cava Kjellman induce sleep via positive allosteric modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A-benzodiazepine receptor: a novel neurological activity of seaweed polyphenols Food Chem. 132 1133 1142 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.040 29243592
19 Alghazwi M Kan YQ Zhang W Gai WP Garson MJ Smid S 2016 Neuroprotective activities of natural products from marine macroalgae during 1999-2015 J. Appl. Phycol. 28 3599 3616 10.1007/s10811-016-0908-2
21 Kim J Um M Yang H Kim I Lee C Kim Y 2016 Method development and validation fordieckol in the standardization of phlorotannin preparations Fish. Aquat. Sci. 19 3 10.1186/s41240-016-0003-2
23 Kim D-O Lee CY 2004 Comprehensive study of vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of various polyphenolics in scavenging a free radical and its structural relationship Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 44 253 273 10.1080/10408690490464960 15462129
24 Brand-Williams W Cuvelier ME Berset C 1995 Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 28 25 30 10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
25 Heo H-J Cho H-Y Hong B Kim H-K Kim E-K Kim B-G 2001 Protective effect of 4',5-dihydroxy-3',6,7-trimethoxyflavone from Artemisia asiatica against Aβ-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells Amyloid-J. Protein Fold. Disord. 8 194 201 10.3109/13506120109007362 11676296
27 Ellman GL Courtney KD Andres V Jr Featherstone RM 1961 A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity Biochem. Pharmacol. 7 88 95 10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9 13726518
28 Heo S-J Park E-J Lee K-W Jeon Y-J 2005 Antioxidant activities of enzymatic extracts from brown seaweeds Bioresour. Technol. 96 1613 1623 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.07.013 15978995
29 Senevirathne M Kim S-H Siriwardhana N Ha J-H Lee K-W Jeon Y-J 2006 Antioxidant potential of Ecklonia cava on reactive oxygen species scavenging, metal chelating, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition Food Sci. Technol. Int. 12 27 38 10.1177/1082013206062422
30 Lee J-H Kim G-H 2015 Evaluation of antioxidant activity of marine algae-extracts from Korea J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. 24 227 240 10.1080/10498850.2013.770809
31 Shin D-B Han E-H Park S-S 2014 Cytoprotective effects of Phaeophyta extracts from the coast of Jeju island in HT-22 mouse neuronal cells J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 43 224 230 10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.2.224
32 Kim D-O Lee KW Lee HJ Lee CY 2002 Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 3713 3717 10.1021/jf020071c 12059148
34 Li Y Qian Z-J Ryu B Lee S-H Kim M-M Kim S-K 2009 Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava Bioorg. Med. Chem. 17 1963 1973 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.031 19201199
35 Kang HS Chung HY Jung JH Son BW Choi JS 2003 A new phlorotannin from the brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera Chem. Pharm. Bull. 51 1012 1014 10.1248/cpb.51.1012 12913249
36 Shibata T Ishimaru K Kawaguchi S Yoshikawa H Hama Y 2008 Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins isolated from Japanese Laminariaceae J. Appl. Phycol. 20 705 711 10.1007/s10811-007-9254-8
37 Kang I-J Jeon YE Yin XF Nam J-S You SG Hong MS 2011 Butanol extract of Ecklonia cava prevents production and aggregation of beta-amyloid, and reduces beta-amyloid mediated neuronal death Food Chem. Toxicol. 49 2252 2259 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.023 21693162
38 Kang IJ Jang BG In S Choi B Kim M Kim MJ 2013 Phlorotannin-rich Ecklonia cava reduces the production of beta-amyloid by modulating alpha- and gamma-secretase expression and activity NeuroToxicology 34 16 24 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.09.013 23041113
39 Kim HS Lee K Kang KA Lee NH Hyun JW Kim H-S 2012 Phloroglucinol exerts protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cell damage in SH-SY5Y cells J. Pharmacol. Sci. 119 186 192 10.1254/jphs.12056FP 22790317
40 Kim J-J Kang Y-J Shin S-A Bak D-H Lee JW Lee KB 2016 Phlorofucofuroeckol improves glutamate-induced neurotoxicity through modulation of oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells PLoS One 11 e0163433 10.1371/journal.pone.0163433 27669570
41 Cha S-H Heo S-J Jeon Y-J Park SM 2016 Dieckol, an edible seaweed polyphenol, retards rotenone-induced neurotoxicity and α-synuclein aggregation in human dopaminergic neuronal cells RSC Adv. 6 110040 110046 10.1039/C6RA21697H
42 Othman SB Yabe T 2015 Use of hydrogen peroxide and peroxyl radicals to induce oxidative stress in neuronal cells Rev. Agric. Sci. 3 40 45 10.7831/ras.3.40
43 Kang S-M Cha S-H Ko J-Y Kang M-C Kim D Heo S-J 2012 Neuroprotective effects of phlorotannins isolated from a brown alga, Ecklonia cava , against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal HT22 cells Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34 96 105 10.1016/j.etap.2012.03.006 22465981
44 Yoon NY Chung HY Kim HR Choi JS 2008 Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of sterols and phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera Fish. Sci. 74 200 207 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01511.x
45 Myung C-S Shin H-C Bao HY Yeo SJ Lee BH Kang JS 2005 Improvement of memory by dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol in ethanol-treated mice: possible involvement of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase Arch. Pharm. Res. 28 691 698 10.1007/BF02969360 16042079
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.